Petroleum umkhakha eRussia

Oil - enkulu amandla impahla. Nokho, sikawoyela akuzona elingapheli. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa 'igolide abamnyama " kulesi siqondiso ihlelelwe ukuba kukhawulwe, ukuphuma eminye imithombo yamandla (solar, senuzi). Kodwa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ayo kwezinye izimboni akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

Ngo-1992, embonini kawoyela Russian kusekelwe ezindaweni ezimbili oil-producing. Entshonalanga yeSiberia ayithelanga mayelana 70% of izinto zokusetshenziswa, i ezengeziwe 20% sasithola esifundeni iVolga-Ural, kanye asele 5% wavunyelwa Sakhalin, Kaliningrad esifundeni naseNyakatho eCaucasus.

Amafutha umkhakha Russia ithuthukiswe nenkathi yamaSoviet, kanye wonke umnotho, engalingani. Inkinga abokuqala ngo-1977, lapho ivolumu kawoyela ongahluziwe e Western eSiberia yehlile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa kabi kubhekwa ukuziphatha prospecting futhi ukuhlola imisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhathini esiyiminyaka engu-70 ka nenkathi yamaSoviet kanzima ukuze wandise ivolumu zokukhiqiza imishini, kodwa imishini ukuhlola simisiwe. Ukuwa kwe-uwoyela yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye. Samotlor (emikhulu) ukukhiqizwa ensimini kwehle ngo kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-20, kunomfana ngincipha by amathani 10 million minyaka yonke. Ngo-1985, u-16% imithombo lutho. Quality ngokuxhamazela yamba imithombo is abampofu. Inkinga yokuqala embonini kawoyela eRussia enqobe "Soviet-isitayela" - imishini ukwakha-up ...

Imbangela yale crisis olandelayo kwaba ukwehluleka embonini kawoyela ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo. Inkinga yaxazululeka ejwayelekile Soviet izinyathelo "esiphuthumayo": ukuthutheleka omkhulu zomsebenzi kanye capital. Kusukela ngo-1986, ukwehla zokukhiqiza wawuwukuvimba, futhi ngo-1988 Russian uwoyela umkhakha amarekhodi irekhodi ayizigidi ezingu-570.

Futhi futhi - komnotho. 1994 - ukukhiqizwa uwela ngo 44% ngo-1995 - elula 22 000 amaqula 140 000. Eziwohlokayo isakhiwo uwoyela. Lokhu crisis uthola enye inkondlo elama, futhi isishiya ukwanda yemandla (naphezu ukhwaliti ongaphakeme kakhulu umkhiqizo). Ngakho, intengo laqala ukwenyuka cishe zonke izimpahla, kanti lokho kuye kwanciphisa isidingo emakethe yasekhaya.

embonini kawoyela Russian adinga ukwakhiwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukunqoba isofthiwe (izinhlangano zezimboni), ihlelwe ticondziso uhulumeni Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Urai. Ngamunye nazo zonke izinhlobo imisebenzi endaweni okuphephile sasimunye: ucinge futhi ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa nokucwengisiswa, izitholele nezinto zokuya, ngisho umsebenzi wokulungisa. Isakhiwo isofthiwe efakwe kanye nezikhungo (ucwaningo). laliphukile ice - indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo akuniké imiphumela emihle. Saqala ukwakha zikawoyela thwi ihlanganiswe ezisebenza isimiso "kusukela ukuhlola ukuba amagalaji", isakhiwo ejwayelekile ukuthi kuhlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinkampani imishini nezinhlangano yokuthengisa.

I akubona Ministry, okuyinto eyaba Rosneftegas kuqala, bese-Ministry of Energy, kwaba ukuthuthwa uwoyela kanye nemikhiqizo yayo, okuyinto ngokushesha wadluliswa Transnefteprodukt futhi Transneft. Embonini kawoyela eRussia ivule umoya omusha. Okwamanje kuhlanganisa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi.

Namuhla uwoyela negesi umkhakha Russian ungumthombo oyinhloko wemali malini isimo. engenayo Basic unika amandla nokuthengiswa ku nasemazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet (CIS), futhi esikhathini esizayo (Austria, eJalimane, eFrance, e-Italy, e-Ireland, eNetherlands, Slovakia, Poland, Switzerland, UK). Export kungenzeka ukucindezela kuphela bandwidth zokuthutha izinhlelo.

Yayisikhululeke kakhudlwana kwaba "ukuphefumula" futhi emakethe yangaphakathi amanani iphansana yasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, uphethiloli Russian ishibhile kuka angaphandle analogue. Ngenxa uhlelo kukawoyela ngoba izidingo isimo, inkampani ethengisa ethile uwoyela ngokusebenzisa amanani kahle isilungisiwe.