Tokyo nokulingwa kanye eNuremberg Izilingo

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-ayisikhombisa edlule, kube nephutha wokuqala emlandweni kwesivivinyo, okuyinto yahlulelwe izigebengu walidla eJalimane futhi yaba isikhali enze ubugebengu esibi. Le nqubo kwaba kuqala, ngoba ngaphambi ukuthi practice zomthetho zazingekho amacala kwesivivinyo lezinombolo zezombusazwe abaye benza ubudlova yalwa kwamanye amazwe. Kwakuwusuku eNuremberg Izilingo. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa eTokyo labetibambile novivinyo oluthi alufane sezelelesi impi of Japan.

eNuremberg

I eNuremberg kanti uTokyo amacala nempi nokulingwa awazange lwenziwa belligerents elula phakathi isikhundla futhi ifayela nezikhonzi, okungukuthi ku-abasizi athembeke kakhulu kwe-Adolf Hitler. Bahlulelwa lokho waqala empini enkulu kakhulu futhi ezinkulu, ngaleyo ndlela ukuba ahileleke ke eziningi emazweni.

Ngesisekelo inqubo kuqala kwakungumprofethi isivumelwano phakathi umbimbi States. Ngenxa yalokho, i-International Military Tribunal yasungulwa. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba kwentando ubulungiswa phezu amaNazi main.

Ubude eNuremberg Izilingo kwaba cishe ngemva konyaka. September 30, 1946, inkantolo engavuni uqalwe sinqumo, eyaqedwa ngosuku olulandelayo. Cishe bonke abamangalelwa, bawile ngaphansi kwesihlalo sokwahlulela, batholwa benecala umkhawulo eliphakeme isijeziso - ukufa. Abanye nenhlanhla, bagwetshelwa udilikajele. Labo izinhlangano ezifana SS-SD, amaGestapo, kanye phezulu GABA enhlangano yamaNazi eJalimane abangu labizwa ngokuthi isigebengu, namalunga abo Uthole sijeziso esinzima.

Abantu abangu-12 bagwetshwa intambo, phakathi kwabo Rosenberg kwadingeka, Ribbentrop, Goering, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner, nabanye.

Tokyo

Tokyo amacala nempi nokulingwa, kanye inkantolo eNuremberg, kwenziwe ubulungisa ukuba nabangane seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kodwa inhlokodolobha Japanese. Yaqala Meyi 3, 1946, futhi ubude bayo wayengomunye oda sezingeni elikhulu ukwedlula i-Tribunal eJalimane. Tokyo nokulingwa eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili futhi yaphela Novemba 12, 1948.

International Military Tribunal for eMpumalanga Ekude isigwebo sentambo eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu impi izigebengu, phakathi kwabo nongqongqoshe impi, undunankulu babe izikhundla eliphakeme ojenene of Japan. Okunye izigebengu Tokyo nokulingwa akulethelwa imigomo ehlukahlukene ejele, nesithupha ezazingezegceke ukuphila.

Phakathi amacala elalenziwe abamangalelwa benziwa ezifana belungiselela impi, kugqashuka impi, iqhaza kuwo, ukubhujiswa izakhamuzi, iziboshwa zempi, kanye zaziziningi namanye amacala obugebengu obukhulu.

Inani zezilingo eNuremberg futhi Tokyo

inqubo Tokyo enkantolo efanayo eNuremberg, ayenencazelo lukhulu umlando. Bobabili izinkantolo baye baqaphela futhi osungulwe ukuthi impi nolaka yini owaphihliza eJalimane lobuNazi, kuyinto okunzima icala ngamazwe esikalini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-International Yobulungisa usuwumthombo lemfundo isisekelo imithetho ngabanye ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba. Sami izimiso izinkantolo ezimbili, kanye nemisho ukuthi enanikelwa phansi kubo, kamuva evunyiwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izimiso le mibhalo owawuthi umusho kwenziwa futhi osungulwe izingoma ubugebengu obubi kakhulu ziye babe emhlabeni neyaziwayo kwezinkambiso komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

icubungula nemiphumela

Kuyinto sibonga eNuremberg futhi Tokyo nokulingwa abangu kamuva enawulungiselelwa ezinjalo ezibalulekile amathuluzi ngamazwe njengoMbusi Wendawo Declaration of Human Rights. Inani ezingokoqobo, kwakudingeka nezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke, phakathi okuyinto lesinqumo ekulweni lishumi yelubandlululo, kanye neSivumelwano nokuvikelwa kwempahla kwamasiko ngesikhathi kunombhikisho ahlomile, kanye namanye amadokhumenti amaningi abalulekile.

I-UN Convention wamukelwa ngonyaka 1968, owawuthi izigebengu impi ezithile ukulinganiselwa ngoba necala lobugebengu asisebenzi. ithuluzi okunjalo Kwakufanele kwenziwe lokhu ngenxa ukuthambekela njalo aqede nokushushiswa kwezinceku izigebengu ngabanye amaNazi.

isiphetho

ukubaluleka International yomlando zezilingo ezenzeka ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili emizini eNuremberg futhi Tokyo, kunzima overestimate. Lapho efeza lezi zinqubo, yaphawula ukuthi yehle emlandweni. I kwaphumela komsebenzi wakhe kanye nokwaziswa kuyoba kubaluleke kangaka ukuthi izazi-mlando zesikhathi esizayo ngeke ubheke le miphumela ukuze uthole iqiniso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokulingwa forties abe uhlobo isixwayiso osopolitiki nobuholi wonke amazwe emhlabeni.