Uyini Cartel?

Cartel kubalimazile njalo nokuqhutshwa emnothweni. Kanye emtsetfweni kanye trust, ke kungavunyelwe inqubo yomthetho. Cartel kanye nomthelela wakhona kezomnotho futhi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Umqondo Cartel

Ngakho, yini Cartel? Uyini umthelela yayo phezu ubudlelwane kwezomnotho ngisho nomphakathi?

Cartel - kuba isivumelwano ukuthi esiphakathi izinkampani ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Kungaba kokubili imvelo ezibhaliwe futhi ngomlomo. Lesi sivumelwano kuhloswe ngaso kwezithibelo eqinile wokuncintisana, Ngakho-ke, ukuze bathole inzuzo enkulu.

Cartel kuyinto okukhethekile ngokwemvelo njalo. Lokhu yikho okwenza lo usole emthethweni emazweni amaningi. Lokhu ukungezwa isifiso alawule amanani, ukukhiqiza nokuziphatha ukumaketha imisebenzi ngokuzimela. Ngenxa yezenzo ezinjalo okukhipha zimbi kakhulu, kungagcini umthamo etholakalayo ekukhiqizeni. abantu Legal athwale isibopho sezomthetho zokuphatha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho lobugebengu Cartel.

Izinhloso kanye nezinhloso ze-izivumelwano Cartel

Injongo eyinhloko yawo wonke labo bantu ukuthi ukuhlela le Cartel, ukubala, yebo, ilula. Lokhu ukususwa pheze ephelele mncintiswano endaweni ethile wemakethe (njengoba umthetho, abakhiqizi sicabangele ezinye izindawo kanye yokuthengisa endaweni yabo, lapho empeleni akuzona). Emva kokuthola emakethe elawulwa, abakhiqizi ngesikhathi ebizela othile kuye inqubomgomo: nemigomo yalo nemibandela. Yingenxa yalesi, bakwazi ukusungula elula kakhulu futhi amanani best for wena.

Kuwubuwula uphike iqiniso lokuthi ezimakethe zanamuhla ayitholwa yentuthuko kungagwenywa cha. ukuhaha kwabantu banal esishukumisa abakhiqizi ukuhlanganisa futhi umholo lakubo ukwenyuka kwentengo kanye nokunciphisa ivolumu wokukhulula kwezimpahla. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuba nomphumela omubi kakhulu izigaba abavamile sabantu: amanani enyuka, futhi ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo liwohloka.

Izinhlobo nombimbi, kuye ngohlobo usole

Kunezinhlobo eziningi nombimbi. Ngezansi kunohlu kuphela izinhlobo eziyisisekelo kakhulu futhi owaziwayo izivumelwano Cartel.

Kuye uhlobo usole, nombimbi zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: evundla mpo. Uyini umehluko ukuphelela komunye nomunye? kungcono lilula lapha. Cartel Verticala Isivumelwano phakathi amabhizinisi (ezimbili noma ngaphezulu) of a emikhakheni ehlukene ngokuphelele. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ngokungafani amabhizinisi nomunye (isib myasopererobatyvayuschee namahlathi, Metallurgical futhi izindiza kanye nokunye. D.) Ingabe ihloselwe ukhawule nezimo of emakethe futhi ukusungula esinakho. Ngenxa yalokho, nombimbi ovundlile zilotshiwe noma izinkampani sivumelwano ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka umkhakha owodwa.

Izinhlobo nombimbi, kuye ngohlobo womsebenzi

umkhuba Umhlaba likhombe zinhlobo ezilandelayo izivumelwano Cartel:

• Equity izivumelwano Cartel. Ihlukaniswe yaba quota futhi indawo. Esimweni sokuqala, kubahlanganyeli izivumelwano zamanani emthethweni lokulawula emakethe ngokusebenzisa quota. Nokho, esimweni sesibili, kancane kancane wasusa mncintiswano - ngokunikeza abahlanganyeli usole zokudayisa.
• izivumelwano Cash Cartel. izimo alinganayo ukudiliva kanye nezinkokhelo bayothola igunya kanye namanani okwakha.
• Conditioning nombimbi. Isivumelwano ezinemininingwane uhlobo uthi kulabo lababukene nekwetfulwa izimo ezithile yokuthengisa.
• Ukuthenga nombimbi. sivumelwano Abaningana impela ezivamile. Ingqikithi kwawo kuhlanganisa ekuletheni phansi yentengo ukuthenga izinkampani eziningana (uhlobo oluthile noma) umkhiqizo ofanayo.
• Ukubalwa Cartel. Kulokhu ibhizinisi uyavumelana nomunye nenqubomgomo yokuziphatha cishe efanayo: nge izibalo efanayo isakhiwo esifanayo, njll ...

Kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi izivumelwano Cartel. Nokho, umkhuba ocacile phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo futhi izinhlobo usole ezinjalo, yebo, ebonakalayo. Lena intengo efanayo, ukumaketha ngokuhlanganyela, Umkhawulo noma ukwanda umthamo production, nokunye. D.

On the inhlangano nombimbi

Cartel phakathi abakhiqizi angafakwa ngomlomo noma ngokubhala. Ngokuvamile on the imfundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa Cartel ubudlelwane ithonya abakhiqizi ukuthi lesi sivumelwano kungenzeka ungene. Uma sikubeka kalula, nabaphathi friendly sisondelene kakhudlwana naye futhi kuhlobene, esiphethweni maningi amathuba phakathi kuthengiselana obungemthetho. Kunjalo okuphambene nalokho.

Indlela ozithandayo zabaholi iyiphi inkampani - isiphelo sesimiso Cartel usole e inombolo encane abakhiqizi emakethe. Iqiniso ukuthi ukungabi khona inani elikhulu nezinye izinkampani ikhuthaza ukwakheka ngokushesha futhi okulula usole emthethweni phakathi abakhiqizi. Uma izinkampani kakhulu, futhi Cartel njengoba enjalo kuyoba iyasilela kakhulu: kukhona izindleko eziningi kanye nezindleko; futhi ematfuba kuvetwa kwalo kungahle izikhathi eziningana ephakeme.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza yentuthuko nombimbi

Kukhona ke ezicini eziningana ezingase zibhuntshise ukukhula nekusebenta nombimbi. abakhiqizi abaningi njalo banake khona izinto ezifana. Phela, izivumelwano Cartel never nokuguqulwa. Ngakho yiziphi izimpawu Cartel kanye nomsebenzi walo ikhule ize ithele?

Kuyaphawuleka ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa yesivumelwano Cartel uhlobo imikhiqizo. Into wukuthi nombimbi ovundlile akhiwa kaningi, ngoba kumane nje lula futhi esebenza kahle. Nokho, leli qhinga usebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, kunzima kakhulu ukwakha Cartel ovundlile ngaphakathi the bombo of umkhiqizo kwamangqamuzana eqinile emakethe.

Lesi sici esilandelayo - inkimbinkimbi funa ukubikezela. Emongweni esitebeleni, kulula sezulu funa uphetha Cartel kwakuzoba lula kakhulu. Kulula ukufakazela amacebo afanayo kungaba, uma ubheka isimo nge emakethe engazinzile. Phela, kukhona cishe awekho nombimbi - azilona neze kuthethelelwe.

Futhi ekugcineni, ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kubalulekile isici umkhiqizo nombimbi: umthetho antitrust esimweni (noma kunalokho, izici zayo). Kunezindlela eziningana emazweni lapho nombimbi kungukuthi kunqatshelwe ngokomthetho. Kulokhu, kube isiphelo sesimiso zonke izinhlobo nezivumelwano phakathi abakhiqizi babeka nezaba ngokomthetho. Ngokungafani uthi lapho nombimbi ezivela phambi kwenkantolo. Isiphetho yesivumelwano kula mazwe kuyingozi kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho lincane. Nokho, kuhle ukucabangela omunye imininingwane kakhulu: emazweni lapho nombimbi umthetho, esiphelweni sesimiso Cartel iwukuba abakhiqizi ayitheli yini kakhulu ngaphezu kwanoma emazweni lapho ibhaliswe ngokomthetho.

Ngezingozi izivumelwano Cartel

Yiqiniso, nombimbi abe nomthelela omubi kakhulu kokubili sphere zezomnotho nezenhlalo zokuphila. Noma kunjalo, kuyasiza ukuqonda okuningi kancane: lokho kufaka Cartel? umkhuba yeKambiso uqokomisa eziningi imiphumela engemihle ezivumelwaneni ezinjalo.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukubandlulula iqhaza ezahlukene emakethe. Ikakhulukazi le iphethini kuzibonakalisa ezimweni lapho abakhiqizi emakethe alikho ngempela. Ukuhlanganisa izinkampani Cartel acindezele nezinye izinkampani - konke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zifakwe deal. Kukhona wephula amalungelo. Okwesibili, ukuphoqelela kwezinye izimo ezithile ukuze izinkampani ukuthi unqume angena esivumelwaneni. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona ukungabi ukuzimela abakhiqizi. Okwesithathu, ukudalwa amanani ngokweqile ulele futhi avame ukuba umkhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi. Kulokhu, lo Cartel kulimaza ngqo kubantu abavamile. umthetho Russian unqabela yisiphi isinyathelo ngandlela-thile okuhloswe ngaso nokukhawula mncintiswano. Yingakho iyiphi Cartel we Criminal Code ibona njengento engekho emthethweni futhi ubeka umthwalo ngoba.

Nombimbi e-US naseYurophu

E-West, the Cartel - kuyinto ekhethekile uhlobo kuthengiselana. Ubethula ayibonwa njengento engekho emthethweni, njalo futhi yonke indawo. Ngomqondo onabile, ungakwazi ukuhlela Cartel, ngisho zomthetho amazwe aseYurophu. Nokho, kukhona omunye imininingwane kakhulu.

Iqiniso lokuthi amadili Cartel eYurophu zihlukaniswe "okubi" nokuthi "efiselekayo". Izinkampani wangena esivumelwaneni efanayo kufanele ulethe nje kuphela kukuzuzise umnotho yembuso. Njengoba kulindelekile, i-Cartel lokufeza enjalo pretty nzima. Nokho, uma ufuna ukufinyelela amakhasimende amaningi noma inzuzo, isimo izinhlangano ezifanayo ngeke kuphela ukukhuthaza. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu isimo okuhlukile nombimbi "elimazayo '. Kulesi hlobo izinhlangano ngokuvamile izingxabano neziphathimandla. Nge nombimbi "engathandeki", isimo ezama ukulwa ngazo zonke izindlela.

Izibonelo Cartel West amakhulu. OPEC (zizihlanganisa States emkhakheni nezimayini), isibonelo, bhá wabo. Phela, kuyinto ehlukile ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi i Cartel kweqiniso kwezifunda. By the way, nge OPEC futhi kwakuhambisana nezinga amahlazo eziningi. Izikhathi eziningana, inhlangano kwaba ngisho on the esengozini lokuvala.

Kangakanani ekulweni nombimbi emazweni ahlukahlukene?

Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ozama ukubhekana izinhlangano Cartel yizakhiwo inhlawulo kuzo. E-US, isibonelo, inani esihle nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ifinyelela $ 100 million, abantu ngabanye - 1 million. Nokho, isigwebo ingabalwa njengoba kabili ngobukhulu inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa. Kulokhu, abahlanganyeli Cartel kungadingeka akhokhe uhulumeni ngisho nezinkulungwane zezigidi.

Esikhathini Russian Federation, ukulwa nombimbi kuyinto ehhovisi lomshushisi kanye amaphoyisa. Kukhona umnyango ekhethekile iphenya amacala ayitholwa emkhakheni inqubomgomo emakethe. Umlandu Cartel eRussia bengase bazikhandlele ayizinkulungwane 20. Ruble kulabo abasebenzayo kanye 0.15 of lemali elitholwe ngokuphendula izindlela ezingekho emthethweni, for nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho.

Inkinga anti-Cartel

Yiqiniso, ukulwa nezinhlangano Cartel ngokuvamile wagxeka. Futhi zonke ngenxa lungafundile kakhulu inqubomgomo antitrust. Ngokwesibonelo, umakhi unqume ukunciphisa inani noma, kunalokho, ukukhulisa amanani imikhiqizo yabo. Kulokhu, ungakwazi kakade wenze isitatimende kwi Cartel, okuyinto empeleni, yebo, wayengekho.

Kunemibono eminingi kwezomnotho ukuthi bathi ekulweni nombimbi yenzani kungalimaza kakhulu kunokuba kusize. Ngokwezinga elithile lokhu kuyiqiniso. Phela, zikhona izibonelo lapho amanani ngokweqile ihlelwe ibe Cartel abakhiqizi wakhonza abanye isignali kwezinye izinkampani, esikhundleni salokho, kwehlisa amanani futhi ingenza ke. Noma kunjalo, namuhla saziwa Cartel Outlaw. Noma yimuphi inkampani, umakhi noma isiphathimandla elula ungahambisa uhlelo lokusebenza Federal Antimonopoly Service Cartel. Isampula lolu hlelo lapha ngenzansi.

Inkinga ukuzinza Cartel

Yiqiniso, abakhiqizi we Cartel eziningi izinzuzo. Nokho, inkinga izinkampani ungakwazi futhi zenzeka. Isibonelo salokhu akuyona mayelana nezinkinga umthetho: Le nto ikhona ukuthi Cartel - lesi simo sibangelwa esifushane, ezidinga ngaphandle ukunakekelwa okukhethekile bazo zonke izinhlangano, waphetha. Yima noma bengeke bame Cartel - kuncike kuphela amalungu ayo. isisusa kubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abakhiqizi eziye isivumelwano. Phela, kukhona okungenani ngenye inhlangano namanye amalungu Cartel bakopele, abephula imibandela ayezosebenza ngaphansi kwayo elinqunyiwe, lonke Cartel wokugoqa.

Nombimbi bekusolo futhi kuyoba, izinhlangano yesikhashana eyesikhashana. ngokushesha isivumelwano esinjalo emthethweni wabhubhisa ngokwabo, kunokuba isimo sabo ukuboshwa. Zonke udaba wukuthi izinkampani ezahlukene, abese ephetha Cartel, ehlukile kakhulu funa Curves, izindleko nokunye. D. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abangena phakathi kwesivumelwano Cartel, iya izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu, ngoba amathuba ngowabo kakhulu.