Manga: izinhlobo nezindlela

Ngokusho Criminal Code, manga kwemibhalo kusho ukukhiqiza kwemibhalo kokuzihlanganisa ngenxa falsification kwemibhalo (ukukhethwa noma okhiqizayo izingxenye: ifomu, ulwazi kwabezindaba, izisayindo, umbhalo, izitembu, izimvu zamanzi). Ngalokhu umqondo kusebenza falsification izici ngamunye (emthethweni ukushintsha ezinye izingxenye kwemibhalo bangempela). manga, umthwalo okuyinto bunikezwa Criminal Code, kuba indlela ezimele lokwenza ubugebengu noma ubugebengu.

Lapho ezazinama- ngokugcwele imibhalo inkohliso akhiqizwa ngokuvumelana amaphethini athile, okuyinto abakhonza amakhophi njengoba eyiqiniso. Izici (umehluko kusuka original) aluthola ngesikhathi enza zabo, okuvumela ukuba aqaphele ukuthi lingamanga. manga kwengxenye zingenziwa ngoku:

• mbumbulu mikhondo izitembu nezimpawu, izisayindo;
• esikhundleni izingxenye zedokhumenti (amakhasi, imifanekiso), elungisa, overprinting, amanothi eyengeziwe, amakhemikhali etching letikhetfwe etheksthini lephelele;
• erasures, lezi zibonakaliso kungenziwa obonwa izindlela forensic.

Esikhathini izincwadi ezikhethekile, manga kwemibhalo kanye nezici zayo bachazwa kanje. Lapho erasures usebenzisa ukususwa mechanical umbhalo (ikakhulukazi imivimbo, izinombolo, izincwadi ngabanye) ukuzixebula into abukhali (ummese, insingo) noma sula irabha. Kuleli phephandaba ungqimba ebusweni okuphukile ingxenye kususwe umbhalo kanyekanye lisuswe. Izimpawu erasures zihlanganisa: izinsalela udayi ayiphulule umbhalo esimifingqofingqo inki embhalweni entsha, okuyinto lisetshenziswa indawo kusulwe, ukwephulwa yegridi ingemuva, ukunciphisa iphepha ukujiya ushintsho evele ezidlikizekile phezu ungqimba zesivikelo sesifuba.

Ukuthola wenziwa erasures izimpawu phakathi imibhalo sokuzifundela evamile nihlakazeke, ngobulili, okukhanyisa etshekile in the ultraviolet infrared, usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu futhi loops ne multiplicities ahlukahlukene.

manga chemical etching Kwenziwa ngamanzi noma umbhalo amakhorali chemical reagents (alikhali, acid). Ngesikhathi esifanayo amakhemikhali kuthinte ubulala hhayi kuphela umbhalo, kodwa futhi phezu izingxenye idokhumenti (ngemuva igridi iphepha). Izibonakaliso etching chemical libhekisela ushintsho umbala iphepha kanye yegridi ingemuva, ubuso breaking inki imivimbo, fragility, le fragility leliphepha. izimpawu elembuliwe etching chemical usebenzisa amadivaysi yokusondeza optical, ukukhanyisa etshekile izihluzi.

Overprint noma amanothi ezengeziwe ngesandla Kwenziwa ukushintsha idatha equkethwe idokhumenti. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile yayincane, kodwa kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukushintsha idatha yoqobo. Izici Main amanothi ezengeziwe: umehluko izici yangasese futhi ezivamile agcizelela (manga ngezibonakaliso eyeka izinhlamvu sekugcineni, yokuhamba iminyakazo, ukushesha wesandla, usayizi incwadi). Izimpawu overprinting ku imishini yokubhala: Ukungafani e udayi luhlaza umehluko futhi ubukhulu ukuphrinta iphethini.

Ukulungiswa, overprint, amanothi ezengeziwe umbhalo ukutholwa ebabaza kumadivayisi we-optical, usebenzisa infrared kanye UV izihlungi, ngokutadisha Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali udayi.