TU-134: Imininingwane

Omunye edume Soviet izindiza zezindiza wathatha emoyeni ngo-1963.

Ukudala izindiza

Ukuqala sixties besihambisana nesiminyaminya ushintsho izizukulwane ndiza. Inguquko kusuka piston ukuba jet ezindizeni ezithwala iyadingeka ukudala imishini emisha ezithuthukisa air traffic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda ukuhamba kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho udale funa eqinile amasevisi air zokuthutha.

I izindawo ethandwa kakhulu ayesevele yingcweti piston izindiza okuqondene ngezigaba yesimanje short-hola. Kuyinto lokhu igebe kwadingeka ukuthatha airliner jet TU-134.

I jikelele isakhiwo

Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ekuklanyweni Tupolev esekelwe onobuhle ngaphambilini awenziwanga. isipiliyoni Rich ekuklanyweni ezinkulu zokuthutha impahla yempi futhi kwendiza yabantu abangekho enikeziwe isicelo ngempumelelo design engineering izixazululo. Sasisebenzisa ukusalela imishini ngaphambili yakhelwe. Baletha indiza TU-134 Ukucaciswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isevisi eside futhi yimpumelelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo indiza uvele obungahluleki ngezindlela eziningi. Umthamo we umshini zazisuka abantu ayisithupha amashumi ayisishiyagalombili, kuncike sakhiwo. Zifakwe emizileni ngamazwe ukuze emaqaqasini umshini, ihlukaniswe amakilasi ukuze sikwazi ukwamukela abagibeli ngaphansi.

Ukuze izindawo zasekhaya esivezwa umgibeli yabagibeli ngaphandle amakilasi, okwakukhona abantu ayisishiyagalombili umthamo. I Tu-134 izindiza kuncike ukuhlela kabusha eziningana isisindo washintsha in the ezahlukene amane nesikhombisa kuya kumathani amane lesificamunwemunye kuwe.

izinjini

turbojet izinjini ezimbili ukuthuthukiswa yasekhaya ibekwe eduze umsila. Lokhu gondola isimo ngokuphelele avumelane nezidingo isiqalo eziwubhuqu futhi airfields kabi ifakwe, ekuvimbeleni Ukungena lezinto angangeni izinjini. Wagxila injini ngamunye ifinyelele amathani eziyisikhombisa, okuyinto eyenza uqale nge zezindiza iDemo.

Esikhathini esizayo, ngcono izinjini futhi esikhundleni ngesikhathi kulungiswe. Cruising isivinini izindiza TU-134 safinyelela amakhilomitha ngehora ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu yokuqala okufushane izinjini. Nge ukufakwa Ushintshe amandla amayunithi, lenyuka amakhilomitha amane ngehora.

Peculiar umsindo injini Tu-134, eduze umsindo amakhwela ekuphumeni nomthelela recognizability okusezingeni eliphezulu izindiza ethandwa. Izinga jikelele umsindo ezivezwa injini ekuqaleni futhi Umqansa kwenzakala eliphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni izinkinga ekusebenzeni kwe bezindiza zezindiza zamazwe ngemva kokuqina imithetho yokungcola acoustic.

ukuthuthukiswa a imodeli

Imoto waphumelela kakhulu. Tu-134 yabonisa aphakeme sesimanje ezingaba nokwethembeka. Ukusebenza handling izici futhi ayithinta. Onikezwe indiza TU-134 crosswinds futhi headwinds imikhawulo ukusuka kanye kokwehla babephakathi kwamaNethini elincane lesi sigaba ndiza. Lesi sici umshini uye ngokuphawulekayo ngcono indiza njalo.

Ububi omkhulu we onobuhle lokuqala Tu-134 kwaba ukuntuleka kwayo reverse, okuyinto kakhulu kwandisa ibanga unyathela amabhuleki umshini. Ukuze bavale isikhala yokuntuleka isicelo unyathela amabhuleki parachutes futhi airbrake. ngaleyo ndlela Ukuthuthukiswa umshini ekuqedeni izici eziye ephambukile izigaba sokuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezindiza ekuphonsweni.

Air Export Umholi

TU-134 izindiza bekulokhu ethandwa kakhulu, hhayi kuphela kwi imizila kweSoviet Union, kodwa futhi emazweni angaphandle. Cishe kusukela kokuqala zokukhiqiza, waqala ukwenza izindiza e zezindiza zakwamanye amazwe. Nweba nokuqaphela imoto futhi wasiza iqhaza TU-134 e-international Air Show 1969 e Le Bourget. Indiza iye yabonisa hhayi kuphela ezingeni yentuthuko kweSoviet izindiza umkhakha, kodwa futhi zanamuhla indlela ngokudalwa Civil Air Fleet.

Ngaphezu zithi Bloc Soviet, umshini siqhutshwa emazweni amaningi e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America. Ezimweni eziningi, izindiza beniyingxenye Air Force lamazwe ukungenisa. Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR imoto aqhubeka silondoloze umoya CIS.

zezindiza Long

Izimoto zokuqala zifika ngesikhathi yezindiza ngo-1966. Njengoba indiza emoyeni. Manje lo mshini kwaba kuphela abathwali yangasese ukukhonza charter izindiza. Kodwa ngaphambi 2007, kwaba yingxenye ubhoko izindiza Russian kanye CIS okwenza umgibeli njalo izindiza. Ngakho, umshini isetshenzisiwe inhloso yazo iminyaka engaphezu engamashumi amane.

Ngaphezu ukuthutha abagibeli kumasevisi njalo, ekhishwe zokuguqulwa sokuyokhonza izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingeni eliphakeme. Lezi amabhodi anemisila izakhi letengetiwe induduzo nokulondeka. Bamisa isimiso uhulumeni ekhethekile yokukhulumisana.

Kwakukhona ukulungiswa lempi TU-134, okuhloswe ukuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza namatilosi zezindiza ezempi. Omunye izinguqulo ifakwe isici ekhaleni Isigaxa, yasetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa umshayeli imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo webhomu.

Ngokuhamba umlando ukukhiqizwa, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, it wadedelwa amakhophi cishe ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi izimoto zokuguqulwa ezahlukene. Kuleli inkomba Tu-134 kungokwalabo izibonelo obanzi kunayo yase-Soviet umgibeli izindiza.

decommissioning

Ngaphezu isikhathi kwemishini yobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe umshini, indima enkulu ekunqanyulweni yokusetshenziswa kwawo odlale i anda umsindo ezingeni sokuphehla amandla. New ICAO iziqondiso abuqede izindawo eziningi zomhlaba ukuthi zikhishwa yi Tu-134. I izindawo ezisele ayikwazanga yisibonelo operation ikhefu-ngisho futhi ezincintisana ngaphezulu izindiza yesimanje ukuze abakhiqizi angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

Nakuba le ndiza yadalwa kuze 1987, ezindizeni avamile wayeka uyisebenzisa ngo-2008, esikhundleni imishini nezinye brand. Namuhla iyaqhubeka ekhishwa izimoto lokhu model kusukela nezinye izakhiwo air zokuthutha. Nokho, isikhathi kuthatha yayo, kanti uthumbu indiza yalesi brand iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Abangaphezu kwekhulu izindiza namanje akwaziwa ukuthi ingxenye izindiza, kodwa ekupheleni umlando ekhazimulayo izibulo Soviet umgibeli izindiza akakude.

Zezingozi kanye nezigameko

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, ukuthi Tu-134 eyenziwa emoyeni, hhayi ngaphandle izingozi. Kodwa indiza aqhubeka kubhekwe umshini ephephile futhi eqotho. Aircraft inhlekelele Tu-134 baye akuvamile zihlotshaniswa Umklamo umshini, izingxenye zalo nemikhulu.

Ingxenye esemqoka nhlekelele kwakuwumphumela ukuqondana kwezinto noma isici womuntu. Indiza wahlinzwa ngaphansi kwezimo okuyinto musa ngaso sonke isikhathi sihloniphe edingekayo ezingeni ukuphepha kwendiza, hhayi kuphela e-USSR, kodwa futhi emazweni asathuthuka. imishini Instrumentation sihlangabezane nezindinganiso kuyiphi inkathi idaliwe, futhi lezi zimfanelo ezidingekayo nezibopho nezisebenzi namasevisi phansi.

Kuyo yonke leyo minyaka yokusebenza Tu-134 ngenxa yezizathu akuhlobene emisebenzini yezempi, kwalahleka ezingaphezu kuka ayisithupha nanhlanu izindiza, zabulala elilodwa nesigamu izinkulungwane zabantu.