Ubani lo nalokho ubhala Richard Inqawe?

I emkhayeni wamaJuda-Polish ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Ngazalwa mlando esidumile American, isazi ngomlando wase-USSR neRussia Richard Payps. Njengoba sekunama-amaNazi Inqawe kwakubucayi ubalekile Poland matasa futhi ngokudlula emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise "chernorubashechnuyu" uMussolini Italy ekugcineni e-United States, e-Ohio. Richard Inqawe loku kusho ekolishi futhi waqala ukukhonza ku izindiza American, okwaphumela yokufuna izakhamuzi kuleli zwe. Ngo impi, ngathola khona ukuqeqeshwa okuhle njengoba umhumushi kusuka Russian.

emhlabeni

Ngemva demobilization Richard Inqawe washada futhi iziqu waseHarvard University, lapho afunda khona sefilosofi esidumile, onguchwepheshe European umcabango zomlando Crane Brinton, ohlangothini engcono kungase kutholakale isayensi yesimanje wenyusa eziningi owaziwa kulo lonke izwe izibalo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Inqawe wabhekana mqondo zobudokotela ngo-1950, khona-ke usebenza bomdabu waseHarvard University. Kakade ngo-1963 waba uprofesa Richard Inqawe, ngo-1968 - umqondisi Russian Research Center eHarvard University, futhi ngo-1973 lapho wahamba uwayosebenzela amalungelo umeluleki yesayensi abakhulu Institute of izifundo Russian e-University of Steenforda.

"Ithimba le-B"

Ithimba B wehlukile "Ithimba A", esikhathini esiningi iqiniso lokuthi iningi ke kwadingeka ukuba ngikhonze njengephayona counterweight ukulungiswa umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Ngo "Ithimba A" ochwepheshe abasebenza ngokukhethekile ukulawula olulodwa - CIA abahlaziyi, kanti iqembu yena wajoyina ngo-1976 Inqawe, was inabasebenzi ngochwepheshe ezivamile lempi umhlalaphansi.

Nokho, womabili amaqembu adaliwe ikhanda ukuhlolwa CIA sika usongo kusukela Union States Soviet. umqondisi CIA ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola Dzhordzh Bush. Kusukela ngo-1981, i-National Security Council nezindaba eziningi inqubomgomo US for Emfundisweni uRonald Reagan kanye Richard Inqawe umshado. UMnyango State, ngakho amashumi eminyaka wahlala main umsebenzi endaweni nombhali wezepolitiki. Kuyinto nge supply Inqawe nozakwabo izitini okuqala lakhishwa izizathu uhulumeni wase-USSR ayemi ukusetshenziswa amasu zezombusazwe ngokukhethekile,.

njengamanje

Kokubili ngaphambi nangemva kokubhujiswa eU.SSR American usosayensi wezombangazwe phakathi kwabaningi ngokuvamile ezweni lethu, ngokusiza niwuchithe kusuka ngaphakathi mayelana 1958. Manje uyilungu ikomidi American ekubhekaneni ukuthula e Chechnya, lapho, ngokusho kwakhe, lula ukukhokhela izingxabano. Ngo parallel, uyaqhubeka ukuhlola umlando Russia futhi abaningi Russian ethukuthele ufunde okuthile ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ubhala Richard Inqawe.

Isihloko sakhe esikhulu njalo kanti eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba abambisane ngenkuthalo ne owaziwa ukuphikisa kwakhe futhi uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, izinto ezonakalisayo yezwe - eSikoleni Studies Political eMoscow - Richard Inqawe njalo efika kuleli zwe ukuba anikeze izinkulumo. Ubamba lichaza ezihlukahlukene ingxoxo amakilabhu, kunikeza intaviyu abezindaba Russian kanye angaphandle imiphumela (ngokuvamile eyinhlekelele kithi) womsebenzi walo.

Umlando Russia ngemehlo Inqawe

Richard Inqawe, incwadi yiziphi aphuma ezihlukahlukene ephelele cishe zakho konke azitshelwa ngezinga elithile umlando Russia, ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele wokubona ukuthuthukiswa wezwe lakithi, akusiyo ngenkuthalo uthanda iqiniso lokuthi lokhu endleleni sihluke kakhulu kwamanye amazwe 'ukuthuthukiswa trajectories. Ukhuluma ukufana nazo ekutadisheni lo mkhuba October Revolution ezikude esidlule Russia, kufunwe umsuka imibono lamaKhomanisi khona. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo Moscovia medieval nje engafuni unombono kwempahla ngasese, okuyinto ngokuphelele iyahlule lonke elaseYurophu. Wayengumuntu Umnikazi ongayedwana - Grand Duke.

Lokho nje kukodwa iwubuphukuphuku zonke okungenani kancane ujwayelene umlando isimo Russian. Ngempela, isikhulu kungaba bachithe yengcebo, kodwa hhayi isakhiwo kwezikhonzi zakhe. ngokungalungile futhi esinda kakhulu Inqawe ubachazela igama elithi "patrimony". Lokusola ezikhulwini zethu, lamakhosi nihilism zomthetho, awusebenzi acabangele ukuthi izwe ethuthuka ngempumelelo, sikhule emazweni ezitha yanqotshwa. Amaziko eyinhloko feudalism, ezakhiwe e-Europe, i-okuyinto Inqawe njengoba abameli, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa bechitha zemifula igazi, okuyinto Ivanu yethu Groznomu futhi ungalokothi ngiphuphe.

"Ongenamthetho Okungalapheki"

Incwadi, okuyinto uhlola mkhuba Richard Inqawe ( "Russia Ngaphansi Old umbuso"), Isimanga siwukuthi, kwaba isihloko cwaningo okukhulu amanyuvesi Russian nezikhungo. postulates mbuso futhi eziyingozi okumunyethwe kuwo ukukhombisa ukuthi nhlobo. Ungakwazi ukufunda lezi zincwadi ngendlela zezemfundo kuphela uma abafundi kakade lezi zomlando isizinda solwazi. Ukuze sandise khathizwe yokufunda kanye mpikiswano.

Inqawe namasiko Russian kakhulu ungathandi, futhi le ncwadi ubapha ngimnikeze liphansi, ngokubeka icala ngokunembile ubunjalo impahla, eye wawubumba kuhlukile kusukela amagugu Western.

Bamafilosofi: Russian futhi American

Ukukhetha nokuvuma eRussia Inqawe futhi ukholelwa iphutha elikhulu. Kodwa uma sicaphuna Chaadaeva wethu kule ndaba, udinga ukuqonda okujulile kakhulu ku izici ngemibono wesazi sefilosofi Russian. Futhi Richard Inqawe ( "Revolution Russian" nezinye umsebenzi wakhe - isiqinisekiso ngqo lokhu) - emva eziningi - amayunithi wezinhlamvu ocashunwe ziyafana, lapho Chaadaev uthola igebe ne impucuko yaseNtshonalanga maqondana ngokulandelana waseByzantium - ngaphandle bomthombo ka imiphakathi yobuKristu.

Lapha sibona osikhumbulayo ubuKatolika igazi ozuza omunye, waba amagatsha ezinkulu sokuthembeka: INkathi Yezinguquko namanje "taxied". legatsha WaseByzantium kobuKristu akuyona womele igazi kakhulu, zazingekho zenkolo. impikiswano nakakhulu ukuhlaziya ukubukwa Inqawe 'ngenqubomgomo yethu Gogol futhi Pushkin, ngezinye izikhathi elimangalisayo, kodwa kaningi - uhleko.

ukufana okuhlaba umxhwele

Richard Inqawe ( "Umsuka amalungelo ezakhamuzi" futhi cishe lonke ngomsebenzi wakhe phakathi ulwazi anikezelwe lesi sihloko) ubona ukufana okukhulu phakathi kwemibuso kweSoviet Union naseJalimane lobuNazi. Lokhu wakuphinda ngokuvamile ukuze lube efana uhlobo mantra, ngaphansi kwethonya okuyinto namanje uthola okungenani ukucabanga libhekene yokungabi nokuhlangenwe nakho zokuphila sabantu.

Kaningi, nasemilonyeni ezahlukene manje esinayo ukuzwa lokhu esibi ngamanga abo futhi isitatimende nabulungisa. Lokhu akuhlobene nemibuso yezombangazwe, futhi inqubomgomo yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle noma yiziphi izigaba khona lamazwe amabili bafana.

Njengoba eSoviet Union wabulawa

Lapha kubalulekile ukubona kabani izandla Inqawe thela nzi. Njengenjwayelo Ngakho "hawk" ukusungulwa American, nguye uyaqiniseka Reagan - njengoba umthengisi ukuba CIA nenhloko National Security Council yoMnyango - ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu ukucindezelwa nokubhujiswa USSR. Nguye, ngokuba uchwepheshe ngendlela yabo ukuze ahumushe umlando Russia, e-United States waqinisekisa uMongameli ukuthi eSoviet Union - a sondo ngemilenze nobumba.

ingcindezi alandelwayo kusuka e-United States: ukusekela mujahideen Afghanistan Chechnya, ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela kanye kwethulwa umshini inkulumo-ze nenhlangano i Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina izikole lapho abaqeqeshiwe esizayo "bezinguquko abasha". Network, ngasendleleni, sandile bonke ama-republic angu-dolobha kanye izikhungo ucishe elikhulu indawo futhi zesifunda, futhi esikoleni maphakathi no-ezinkulu ixazululwe ezingeni yamakomidi uhulumeni. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, iSoviet Union iwa. Can abalandeli ihlombe amabhuku "ezimbili ngendlela Russian." Richard Inqawe iwine.

Russia ngeke ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu?

Inqawe ukholelwa ukuthi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kwalophiko, Russia akenzanga lutho ukuthi ngiphupha ngale ndima emphakathini wonke. Injongo izitatimende lokhu lokukholisa - ngisho ezilulazayo ngaphezulu ezweni elikhulu e umphakathi (hhayi kuphela West, kodwa futhi ezifuywayo) umbono.

Nokho, Inqawe Russia umbono akubalulekile kangako. Izenzo eziningi ezibalulekile ezingase kahle kubhekwe ukuphazamiseka ezindabeni zethu zangaphakathi. GEOPOLITICS wezwe lakithi incike indawo yayo ezindawo, okuyinto umane nje udinga ukuba ube namandla amakhulu. Umkhawulo omude kunayo yonke, ukuxhumana-Europe, Ekude naseMpumalanga Ephakathi - konke zinhlekelele emhlabeni, kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye imicimbi global nje awukwazi ukuthatha indawo ngaphandle iqhaza lethu.

Inqawe kanye nezazi-Russian

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Usosayensi wepolitiki waseMelika waletha umsebenzi YaseRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, nezazi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isithakazelo umbhali kungaqali ezizivelelayo nje futhi emthethweni, emthethweni yayikhona ekamu ukuthi bavikela yokubusa kwamakhosi, ubu-Orthodox futhi autocracy. Eziningana eyodwa sidedly kakhulu le ngxenye Russian labantu Richard Inqawe. Impahla kanye nenkululeko - lawa amabili izingxenye amagugu emhlabeni lakhe, elingasebenza sodvwa komunye nomunye. Kodwa kuthiwani isici we sengqondo isiRashiya, njalo esekelwe ebumpofwini? It is hhayi nje Inqawe akacabangi Cishe, akanalo umqondo mayelana ukhona.

Kodwa nje waphefumula kanzima, ukhuluma imfundiso yokuthi Verkhovod futhi manje eRussia, ukungaqondi ongaziwa - Republican. Lokhu zezomnotho nesandla esivulekile, wesimanje lizwe ngenxa yabantu, hhayi kakhulu smart okuthiwa emuva futhi ngokwemvelo, awutholi imizamo ezithuthukayo. Lokhu isizwe obukhulu ngubani dream of oda ephakathi, kuba nemsebenti ukukhanyiselwa kanye nabaholi lehlelo. A ngempela ezihlakaniphile abantu Inqawe akacabangi, kwaba sengathi ayikaze, futhi waseHerzen noma Kropotkin noma Bakunin noma Lopatin noma Plekhanov ngangingenasithakazelo. Kodwa demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, umuntu kayikhulu ephezulu flying umcabango zefilosofi, kuka kubhekwe lapha ngaphezulu umbhali waqala kusukela encwadini Richarda Paypsa.

Afterword

Esikhathini imisebenzi Inqawe ngokuchichima zonke izinhlobo izingcaphuno kanye ezibhekisela, okuyinto mlando Russian bahoshé ukufana nazo eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kodwa ukufunda okwengeziwe uyaqhubeka, kulapho kuphakama umbuzo: kungakhathaliseki nombhali hhayi ukuhlekisa ngathi, nginikeza lezi izinkomba kulo mongo? Ethonya ukuthi imibhalo yakhiwa eyeqisayo ekhona kakade ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kubhekwa phakathi zefilosofi Russian kanye abalobi kuzo zonke izinhlobo ukuhlambalaza for ezihlukahlukene ukuxhashazwa.

Uma ufunda kubonakala sengathi lo smart Inqawe rassmeotsya kumugqa olandelayo, ethi nguye babenza, njengoba ebhalwe engakholeki. Kodwa akukho. Inqawe namanje eqhubekile. Futhi akusiwona ezihlekisayo.