Ubani owasungula le isibonakude lokuqala? Idivayisi nezinhlobo ngezibonakude

Noma ubani owasungula le isibonakude, akungabazeki, ufanelwe inhlonipho kanye yiwo wonke izazi zezinkanyezi yesimanje. Lena enye yezinto ezinkulu emlandweni. I isibonakude ukuvumele ukufunda isikhala eduze futhi ufunde okuningi mayelana nokwakheka kwendawo yonke.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Imizamo yokuqala ukwakha isibonakude okuthiwa saqanjwa omkhulu uLeonardo da Vinci. Umthetho Welungelo Lobunikazi nezinkomba imodeli abasebenza kuleyo ndawo, kodwa ososayensi bathole izinsalela imidwebo kanye nekuchaza izibuko kokuhlolisisa zenyanga. Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela enye inkolelo ngalomuntu esiyingqayizivele.

kudivayisi isibonakude lafika Thomas Digges, eyayifuna ukwakha kuwo. Wasebenzisa ingilazi convex, nesibuko ngilugweda. Ngokwaso kokusungulwa wayegila, futhi njengoba umlando ubonisa, leli thuluzi Sizophinda wadala. Kodwa ngobuchwepheshe, kwakungekho izindlela for ukugcwaliseka lo mbono, umfuziselo zokusebenza kwayo futhi kuhlulekile. Izigigaba wahlala engaphiwanga ngesikhathi, futhi Digges langena umlando astronomy ngencazelo kohlelo heliocentric.

indlela olunameva

Yini unyaka owasungula le isibonakude, udaba uhlala impikiswano. Ngo 1609-m usosayensi Dutch Hans Lippersgey Patent ethulwa eyasungulwa khulu. Wabiza yakhe isibonakude. Kodwa-patent inqatshelwe ngenxa lula ngokweqile, nakuba kwesibonakude laqanjwa uvalwe. ukuthandwa Especial usezuze kusukela amatilosi kwaba ayinamandla ngezinhloso yezinkanyezi. Isinyathelo phambili isivele wenza.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwesibonakude wawela ezandleni uThomas Hariota okusungulile kwakuthiwe ukuthanda, kodwa idinga intuthuko enkulu isampula yasekuqaleni. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe ngokokuqala ngqá izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zakwazi ukubona ukuthi inyanga has sezwe lalo.

uGalileo Galilei

Ezwa yokuzama ukudala insimbi ekhethekile ukwandisa izinkanyezi, uGalileo ejabulile ngempela mayelana umqondo. Italian iye yanquma ukwakha isakhiwo afanayo izifundo zabo. ulwazi Mathematical wamsiza izibalo. I-apharathasi kwakuba tube futhi ifakwe ke lens wenza abantu abampofu amehlo. Empeleni, kwaba kwesibonakude sokuqala.

Namuhla, lolu hlobo isibonakude ubizwa ngokuthi refractory. Ngenxa design ngcono we uGalileo bathole okuningi. Wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi inyanga has ukuma indilinga, wabona asemigodini wakhe kanye izintaba. ukwanda 20-nesibaya aye wavumela ukuba ucabangele 4 iziphuphutheki of Jupiter, khona emasongweni Saturn, nokunye okuningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, idivayisi wazibonakalisa ithuluzi ephelele, kodwa nezihibe. tube Esincane kakhulu ziyancipha ekupha Ukubuyekeza, kanye ukuhlanekezela ezivezwa inqwaba lens, okwenza isithombe anyakaza.

Inkathi isibonakude refracting

ukuphendula Kusobala sihilela indaba yokuthi ubani wokuqala yasungulwa kwesibonakude, ngeke isebenze, ngoba uGalileo ngcono ipayipi esibhakabhakeni ukucatshangelwa ekhona kuphela. wayengasakwazi umqondo Lippersgeya futhi ungavezi lo mbono. Eminyakeni eyalandela kwakukhona kancane kancane athuthuke zedivayisi. Kuyaphawuleka engasenamahloni ukuthuthukiswa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento udala lens enkulu.

Umfutho ukuqhubeka kwaba kokusungulwa tripod. Manje ipayipi akuzange kudingeke ukuba ubambe ezandleni zabo okwesikhathi eside. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukunwebeka tube. Christiaan Huygens ngo-1656 wasungula idivayisi kokukhulisa izikhathi 100, wakwazi ukufeza le ngokwandisa ibanga phakathi lens, afakwa obuphelele tube 7 amamitha. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4 kwesibonakude 45 metres ubude yadalwa.

Handicap ucwaningo wayesengaba ngisho kushelele encane. Nciphisa isithombe ukuhlanekezela wazama ukuwufinyelela ngokuhamba phambili okwandisa ibanga phakathi lens. Ukuthuthukiswa izibonakude usephendukele bebheke ukunwebeka. Omude kunayo yonke owake wabo sifinyelela amamitha 70. Leso simo nzima kakhulu umsebenzi, futhi Yona kanye inhlangano zedivayisi.

isimiso esisha

Ukuthuthukiswa isikhala yokukhanya safinyelela kwangqingetshe, kodwa isikhathi eside kangaka ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka. Ubani owasungula le isibonakude kusala nesifanekiso esisha? Kwakungesinye ososayensi okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni - Isaak Nyuton. Kunalokho kwelensi ukugxila zaqala ukusetshenziswa nesibuko phakathi, okuzokwenza ukuqeda ukuhlanekezela chromatique. Refracting izibonakude seziphelile, esikhundleni sayo kwafakwa uHlelo reflex kwesokudla.

Ukutholakala kwesibonakude, abasebenza isimiso kugqame, waphenduka isayensi yezinkanyezi. Esibukweni elisetshenziswa kokusungulwa, Newton okwakudingeka akwenze bebodwa. ithini ingxubevange iye yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yayo, nethusi arsenic. Imodeli lokuqala ukusebenza uyaqhubeka lugcinwe, kuze kube yilolu suku, sesiye yisiphephelo London Museum Yezinkanyezi. Kodwa kube nenkinga encane. Labo owasungula le isibonakude, ayikwazanga isikhathi eside ukwakha esibukweni yefomu enhle.

ukuphumelela

1720 imakwe ingqophamlando lonke astronomy. Kwakungenxa kulo nyaka opticians wakwazi ukwakha reflex esibukweni ububanzi ka-15 cm. By endleleni, Newton esibukweni has a ububanzi of 4 cm. It kuye kwasusa umgoqo Okuyınqo, ukuhlaba zingene izimfihlo yonke sekulula kakhulu. izibonakude Miniature phezu imidondoshiya imitha-40 babe amamitha 2 kuphela ubude. Ukuqapha isikhala baba atholakale kubantu abaningi.

izibonakude Ihlangene futhi ukhululekile wayesengaba imfashini unomphela, uma kungesiyo eyodwa "kodwa." ingxubevange metal sifiphalisiwe ngokushesha futhi ngaleyo ndlela elahlekile impahla yayo lembhali. Ngokushesha ukwakhiwa esibukweni sashintsha futhi atholwe izici ezintsha.

izibuko ezimbili

Ngakusasa ngcono kudivayisi isibonakude kumelwe engumFulentshi Kassegrenu. Nguye owasungula izinto ukusetshenziswa 2 ingilazi izibuko esikhundleni esisodwa, eyenziwe ingxubevange metal. imidwebo yakhe babesebenza, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wayengasaboni lokhu, imishini yezobuchwepheshe akuvunyelwe ukuba uqaphele iphupho.

Telescope Newton kanye Cassegrain Ungasavele kubhekwe amamodeli lokuqala yesimanje. Ngesisekelo ukuthuthukiswa yabo ukuqhubeka manje isibonakude design. Ngokusho isimiso Cassegrain wakha yesimanje isikhala isibonakude "Hubble", okuyinto vele bukhicite ulwazi oluningi isintu.

Sibuyela ezisekelweni

Reflectors ayikwazanga ekugcineni uwine. Refractors ngokunqoba wabuyela endaweni yesikhulumi nge kokusungulwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha of ingilazi: Nok - lula futhi Flint - kanzima. Le nhlanganisela bezosiza lowo owasungula le achromatic isibonakude ngaphandle amaphutha. Kwatholakala ukuthi ube usosayensi abanamakhono J. Dollond, behlonipha yakhe, futhi uhlobo olusha lens okwakuthiwa u -. Dollondovy.

Ekhulwini le-19, isibonakude refractory sihlangabezane uvuke futhi. With ukuthuthukiswa imibono lobuchwepheshe yenziwe yaba khona ukwenza lens ukuma ekahle kanye nosayizi okwandisa. Ngo-1824 godu lens ububanzi kwaba 24 cm, ngo-1966, waba ukusikeka ezimbili, futhi 1885 kakade bezingaphansi 76 amasentimitha. ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, ububanzi we lens sakhula ngo-1 cm ngonyaka. Mayelana esibukweni amadivayisi ngilukhohliwe, kuyilapho lens manje ayibi ubude, futhi ohlangothini okwandisa ubukhulu. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuthuthukisa engela kwehlwaya kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo obanzi kunalowo osencwadini kaDaniyeli.

abathanda enkulu

Wavuselela reflex ukufakwa amateur izazi zezinkanyezi. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Uilyam Gershel, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlobo eyinhloko lomsebenzi - umculo, wenza bathole okuningi. Yokuqala ukutholakala yayo - iyona iplanethi Uranus. impumelelo ezingakaze zibe khona. waphefumulela ekudalweni kwesibonakude ku ubukhulu bayo ezinkudlwana. Ngokwakha ekhaya lakho lab ububanzi esibukweni 122 cm, wakwazi ukubona amabili enyanga Saturn sika, ezazingaziwa.

abathandi impumelelo kwaphoqa ucwaningo olusha. Inkinga eyinhloko metal izibuko - ufasimbe okusheshayo - akakaze agajwe. Lokhu wahola physics French Leona Fuko ukucabanga unamathisele elinye isibonakude esibukweni. Ngo-1856 yakhipha kudivayisi ebabaza ngoba nesibuko ingilazi ngesiliva enamathela. Umphumela lidlule wonke izibikezelo.

Enye kwalokho ezibalulekile ezenziwe Mikhail Lomonosov. Washintsha uhlelo ukuze esibukweni ngesikhathi ijikelezwe ngokuzimela lens. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba ukunciphisa ukulahleka amaza okukhanya futhi ukulungisa isithombe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo naye kunesikhala okunjalo futhi wathi Herschel.

Manje kabanzi kokubili imiklamo, futhi uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa yokukhanya. Iza amakhompyutha zanamuhla futhi isikhala ubuchwepheshe. I isibonakude elikhulu yibo zitholakala emhlabeni - iyona Omkhulu eCanary Telescope. Kodwa ngokushesha igqitshwa ubukhulu bakhe, usuvele amaphrojekthi izibuko nge ububanzi 30 m 10.4 m ngokumelene nalo.

Telescope giant owakhiwe entabeni ukugwema kuphulwa umfanekiso emkhathini ngangokunokwenzeka. Isiqondiso uthembisa ukwakhiwa isikhala izibonakude. Batinikela isithombe esinembile kakhulu nge sokulungiswa okukhulu. Konke lokhu ngeke kwenzeke, uma, ekhulwini le-17 isibonakude ekhulwini ayakhiwanga.