Ubukhulu of lihlala: GOST, izici nezinhlobo

Isitebhisi yinhlobo oyinhloko wokuxhumana phakathi kwezikhala elise on emazingeni ehlukene. Zonke ezinye izindawo (ramps, zommbila) abhekwa ekhethekile ukunyakaza kusho.

Umsebenzi we izitebhisi wukuqinisekisa ukunyakaza kwabantu. Kuyinto isiqinisekiso zokuphepha lwabo nenduduzo. Ngakho, ngo-inqubo ukwakha isakhiwo wenkosi ngayinye uholwe nezidingo kanye nezindinganiso ezibekwe guest ekhethekile futhi SNiPY ezinjalo.

Tincenye isitebhisi izakhiwo

Naphezu kwesibalo omkhulu zezinto eziphilayo kanye izinhlobo izitebhisi siqukethe izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko:

• Izitebhisi (span). Ngakho ngokuthi isakhiwo enalokho kuthambekela exhumanisa phansi eliseduze ezimbili. Kunomkhawulo, owawuthi kwelinye span akufanele kube degrees angaphezu kuka-12. Lapho le nombolo obuncane izinyathelo ezintathu.
• Area - isici nendawo ngokufanele adingekayo isitebhisi amamashi eziningana.
• Uthango - lokhu design ingxenye esiyisibopho siqukethe banisters futhi handrails. It ibekwe endleleni oyedwa noma bobabili izinhlangothi izitebhisi. Uhlobo, ukuphakama kanye nendawo ezicijile ashiwo kumigomo indawo.

Yiziphi kokwehla futhi iyini indima yalo?

Lihlala, okuyinto Ubukhulu nazo iziqondiso ngokomthetho amele isikhala phakathi amamashi ezimbili. Ukwakhiwa ukufika kuyadingeka, uma ukuphakama ulayini mashi idlula umkhawulo kuvunyelwe noma ukwakhiwa kuhlelwe amamashi ezimbili engela komunye nomunye.

Indima ukufika wukuthi kuba uhlobo "Ukudlula iphuzu", i-elementi Lesisemkhatsini, lapho abantu ekuphumeni aphumule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ngxenye isitebhisi isetshenziselwa i egcekeni organic amabili izindiza kwezitebhisi ezifihlekile.

Ngezinye izitebhisi ehlukahlukene (iqonde, rotary, egwegwile) endaweni anesizathu 10 - degrees 14. Endabeni ukuhlela ekwakheni izakhiwo, nalesikhathi kungenzeka 15 - 20 izinyathelo.

Ubukhulu of lihlala

Njengezinye imingcele eminingi, ububanzi, ukujula futhi ukufika impahla ngaphansi isiqondiso. Ngesisekelo nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke lezi zimiso Uyinto ukuphepha nenduduzo kwabantu izosebenzisa design.

• Ukuze uhlobo ngalunye, kukhona isitebhisi elihambisana esezindleleni. Ubukhulu yabo kubalwa okusekelwe ububanzi isilinganiso isinyathelo womuntu.
• Emacophelo zibonisa ukuthi ububanzi yabo akukwazi izigaba eside. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ezifana ekuthuthukiseni iphrojekthi ngazinye, Minimal ububanzi pad kumele kube 640 mm.
• Ukujoyina parallel izindiza ezimbili edlulisela, ububanzi ezitebhisini kumele okungenani ibe 130 mm. Lokhu kulingana cishe ezimbili izinyathelo umuntu ovamile.
• Okunye osayizi esezindleleni (ukujula kanye nobude) ebalwe amafomula noma correlate nge ububanzi mashi.

Umngcele we-value ukujula njengoba ngokuvamile lemali futhi ububanzi yimpandla ka isinyathelo esisodwa:

• Okuncane ukujula = isinyathelo ububanzi + ubude isinyathelo esisodwa

Eyokwakha ukufika lapho kwakhiwa ulayini mashi izimiso efanayo ukucabanga. Uma kudingekile, ukwandisa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ukujula, kufanele abe ukuphindaphinda kwe-ukujula ubuncane.

Izici ezisekelweni izitebhisi isiyingi noma izakhiwo kanye izinyathelo angajwayelekile

Ngokuvamile lapho kwakhiwa sangasese indlu noma multi-level amafulethi aye ayisebenzisa kaningi ukwakhiwa enhle kakhulu (kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingavumi kakhulu) Helical noma Kuvunguza izitebhisi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwakhiwa okunjalo akunconywa yokuthi main ukukhuphuka ngazo akulula njengoba izitebhisi nge amamashi ngqo.

Ubukhulu of izitebhisi nakuzingxenyekazi Helical futhi kuvunguza izakhiwo babhekana Izilawuli eziqinile kakhulu.

Kulezo zimo lapho uya isitebhisi engela 135 kuya ku-180 degrees, Lesisemkhatsini usayizi pads kanye kungase kube kuncane kunokwabanye 640 mm.

Nokho, ukuhambisana nalo ngobukhulu udinga, uma kuba indawo efana imisebe ihlukaniswe halves ezimbili, noma esimweni ukwakhiwa ezimbili-level ezisekelweni. Phela, lo umehluko ukuphakama emkhatsini amazinga ezimbili platform ungakwazi ukukwenza kufanele kulingane isinyathelo ukuphakama.

Wathi okungenani ubukhulu bendlela engenayo (640 mm) ezifanelekile isiyingi futhi ezitebhisini Kuvunguza nge izinyathelo "ihansi isinyathelo".

Izitebhisi njengendlela yokuthola abantu baphume

Wokulawula ukwakhiwa ezitebhisini ezakhiweni lapho kukhona ngokuvamile inani elikhulu labantu, GOST futhi SNIP aqukethe imiyalelo ikakhulukazi esiqinile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubukhulu lihlala kungenxa hhayi kuphela izifiso unjiniyela nomklami uthola, kodwa ukukhathazeka wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke kuhlengwe yimpumelelo futhi iphephile uma umlilo noma ezinye izinhlekelele.

Izimfuneko jikelele yilezi:

• Ukuhambisana osayizi (ububanzi nokujula) amasayithi.
• Ukungabi bikho kwezinto ezingadingeki namadizayini ezitebhisini nge ingozi zadymlyaemosti anda.
• Ukwenza izitebhisi yangaphandle futhi kuhlengwe izinto noncombustible.
• Ukuhambisana okukhanyisa ezanele izitebhisi nokusetshenziswa ukukhanya imithombo yemvelo kanye yokufakelwa (usayizi iwindi adjustable ku lihlala yabo yokwenza uhlobo).

Yini okufanele ibe ezitebhisini nakuzingxenyekazi ezitebhisini eziphuthumayo?

Ukuhlelela baphume, wokutakula imisebenzi sasidingeka e ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele noma izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Regulation asithinti nje kuphela overflights and lihlala. Ubukhulu (Standard icacisa nemingcele eziyisisekelo) salezi zici, kanye nezilinganiso imihubhe, okuyizinto eduze kwalezi izakhiwo, ngeke bachezuke kuyinsakavukela.

Ngakho, mashi ububanzi ukuthi ingasetshenziswa abantu baphume ayizange kakade emnyango ukuvulwa ungene kuwo. Ubukhulu ezitebhisini futhi emasha:

• Ukuze izakhiwo ekilasini F 1.1 (ukuphepha umlilo izici I-multi-storey izakhiwo, lapho igumbi sihlelelwe noma ukuhlala isikhashana inani elikhulu labantu) sayizi 1350 mm.
• Uma phezu izibuya isakhiwo (ngaphandle wokuqala) kuyokwenza kanyekanye kube abantu abangaphezu kuka-200, isitebhisi Kumelwe kungabi ngaphansi kuka 1200 mm.
• Esimweni lapho isitebhisi iya emsebenzini womunye umuntu, kungase kube ububanzi 700 mm.
• Kwezinye izimo, lokhu sibalo Kumele ube nenani isilinganiso 900 mm.

What do izitebhisi?

Ukuze womshini izitebhisi futhi izakhi zabo ezibalulekile (nokumasha, balusters, uthango, izinkundla) esifanelana inqwaba izinto:

• Tree.
• Metal.
• Glass.
• Stone.

Nokho bafanelwe ahlukene incazelo ephothiwe, sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo. Ngokuvamile, ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele futhi izakhiwo zomphakathi ukusetshenziswa. Ukuze emizini yabazalwane ngokuvamile khetha izinkuni, metal noma inhlanganisela izinto eziningana (sensimbi ingilazi, nge izinkuni itshe).

Ukhonkolo - izinto ezahlukene

izitebhisi Ukhonkolo nakuzingxenyekazi phakathi kwazo zivame kwakhiwa kusuka izakhi prefabricated. ezakhiwe okunjalo aqukethe okusezingeni eliphezulu impahla grade (B15 ubuncane) futhi ifakwe luhlaka metal.

Engaged ekukhiqizeni ngokhonkolo imikhiqizo izimboni kanye namabhizinisi kabani imisebenzi wawubekela imithetho eqinile, ngakho unjiniyela akanalo kungadingeki nokuba ukhathazeke ngokusho nokulandela imithetho ukwakhiwa. Nokho, kuphela master abakhi ziqu incike inhlangano efanele futhi izakhiwo uvala.

Ukhonkolo slabs izitebhisi (Ubukhulu akhethiwe okusekelwe ubukhulu wokwakha amamashi nobubanzi) asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni isitini futhi izakhiwo eziphakeme zikakhonkolo, kanye emacaleni besebenzisa amasu kuhlangene.

ukuqina yabo, lula ukusetshenziswa kanye namathuba enkulu kakhulu ekuhlobiseni kakhulu shesha bese lula inqubo ukwakhiwa.

Ezitebhisini kwagcizelela ukhonkolo (usayizi akuphazamisi ukusebenza) Kunconywa ukulungiswa izitebhisi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi imikhiqizo ukhonkolo uzokwazi ukugcina izakhiwo zabo ngokungabi bikho izimo ezinodlame kwemvelo. Umkhawulo lokushisa ovumelekile kufanele kube ngezansi -40 degrees.

Ukuhlobisa ezitebhisini

Iphele ezitebhisini sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo, efakwe ngaphakathi isikhala ephilayo, kuthiwa cased ne izinkuni asezindongeni, upende noma babeka ukhaphethi yabo.

isitebhisi Good ezinde uphahlwe Tile Ceramic, laminate noma floorboard.

Sebenzisa ngokhuni noma insimbi njengoba material for isitebhisi zidinga Umdwebo ayimpoqo umkhiqizo osuphelile. Ngokusekelwe izici impahla akhethiwe lakokrasyaschie izindlela ezidingekayo:

• upende elivamile metal.
• Emulsions kanye anamathelayo zibe yizinkuni.
• upende okubalulekile izinhlobo abafanele kwezinkuni.

Indlela enkulu nhle futhi sithuthukise ukuphepha indiza ka izitebhisi nakuzingxenyekazi ekubeni yokuhlala kwasemuva. Ngokuvamile akhethiwe le njongo LED (isibani olulodwa noma tape). Basuke fixed eduze umgoqo azungezwe we site, noma ezansi izinyathelo.