Uhlobo Historical ku zobuciko: incazelo, abameleli

E-Italy, lapho kudabuka khona lolu uhlobo zomlando e ezobuciko, kwadingeka zonke izimfanelo for ukuvela lolu hlobo imidwebo. UMbuso WaseRoma kwadingeka ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu sokuthuthukisa amasiko, kanye nemiklomelo yayo kuyisisekelo sesihlalo ubuciko wonke amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi Italy ngesikhathi Renaissance, ekhulwini xv, kwakukhona uhlobo ngokomlando ezobuciko.

Umlando omfishane

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini uhlobo zomlando zobuciko, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele izici wezimali odlule. Renaissance isikhathi - lena sokuthuthwa kwempahla nemibono neyobuntu eziye zabangela ukukhathazeka hhayi kuphela kumuntu kodwa futhi umlando kanye namalungelo ezepolitiki.

Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule nobuqhawe yezwe futhi kwadingeka ukuba sibonise uhlobo ngokomlando ezobuciko. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo: imidwebo Andrea Mantenya, "The Triumph kaKhesari" (1485-1492), ezihlukahlukene izindwangu Paolo Uccello, enikelwe Battle of San Romano abanye. Izimpumelelo Yenguquko e-Italy, ngokushesha yonke iYurophu, lapho uhlobo ngokomlando ezobuciko futhi waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo.

abaculi European yokudweba zomlando XVII-XVIII eminyaka

Imicimbi yangaphambilini ahehe abaculi kanye emazweni Western Europe. Ukuthuthukiswa lo mkhuba akunakubangelwa ekhulwini XVII - sokuthuthwa kwempahla classicism kanye yezobuciko. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiko kwezobuciko phambili waphuma ncamashi uhlobo zomlando. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamakhiwane ezobuciko isikhashana ukuba amnike indawo ukubaluleka ngoba classicism kuhloswe ukwakha kwasekuqaleni izithombe zobuqhawe imidwebo omkhulukazi.

Kulesi isitayela, zomlando indaba ephathwayo, wasebenza Peter Paul Rubens (Umdwebo "The Battle of the Amazons", 1619-1620 GG.), Nikola Pussen ( "Kudlwengulwa le Sabine Abesifazane", 1614-1615 GG.), UJacques-Louis uDavide ayenakho, owaloba kokubili lasendulo kanye wesimanje indaba ephathwayo. Le misebenzi zinezikhathi umoya bokubanga, zibhekise yiqhawe sublime isimo sobuso nokushukuma komzimba. Ngo Indwangu yayo Ukwakheka ungathi isinyathelo zezinhlamvu Antique futhi laliba bombast ezigcawugcawu. Ukuze lesi siqondiso zihlanganisa imidwebo, ezibhaliwe emaVangelini. Ngokwesibonelo, Harmensz Van Reyn Rembrandt wadala Umdwebo "The Return of the Esaphazayo" (1669).

Umdwebo zomlando eYurophu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX

Classicism futhi ngokushesha baraque wakhala entsha imisinga kwamasiko - romanticism. Abamele lo mkhuba kude incazelo nobuqhawe esidlule, sigxile ingxenye ngokomzwelo. Abaculi ebekwe ukudala asinazo izithombe ezinjalo ukuba zivuse uzwela nobubele kusukela izilaleli. Zomlando uhlobo mdwebo design ehlukene ngokuphelele, njengoba kuqhame isihloko nemizwelo yabantu. Njengoba isibonelo, Ezhena Delakrua yokudweba "Ekilasini at Chios" abhalwe 1826. Motifs zomlando kungatholakala, futhi kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-ovelele umculi French Onore Dome: yokudweba "The Rebellion" (1848).

Western Europe mlando romantic isikhathi imidwebo

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, uhlobo ngokomlando zobuciko uye washintsha abalulekile. Lokhu kungenxa ukuvela ohlangothini olusha - the okwangempela. abameleli balo baye bafuna ukwakha izithombe nempilo kakhudlwana futhi iziza. Lokhu kuthambekela akunakubangelwa umsebenzi Adolf von Menzel, owadala ngawo-1850 uchungechunge imidwebo enikelwe kwenkathi Fridriha Velikogo. Isithakazelo emlandweni ngenkathi ngokuyinhloko zachazwa yisigaba linemibhikisho abaningi ukuthi bathintitha ngaleso sikhathi iYurophu. Izidleke yokuvukela Kwagqashuka Italy, eFrance naseJalimane. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi, abaculi, ababhali bafuna izimpendulo okwamanje esikhathini esidlule, futhi lokhu kuchaza ukuvela okwangempela e isiko.

Ukuvela Russian zomlando uhlobo imidwebo

Abathandwayo ukuhlaziya kanye nomlando yobuciko kazwelonke. Origins, izinhlobo futhi izinhlobo eRussia - kuyinto nesihloko kwenye ingxoxo, ngoba isiko lethu kakhulu lathathwa art Europe. Inkathi classicism e ezweni elikhulu kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini XVIII: ngalesi sikhathi abaculi yasekhaya waphendukela Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule emisebenzini yabo.

Umuntu owasungula le uhlobo zomlando yobuciko Russian - Anton Pavlovich Losenko. Wabhala ezidumile kusuka esedlule Rus Lasendulo ( "uVladimir futhi Rogneda", 1770) futhi imidwebo enikelwe izindikimba classical. abafundi bakhe bavumelana Ivan Akimov, futhi ubheke izenzakalo Kievan Rus, uPetru Sokolov, esibonisa izithombe basezinganekwaneni, uGregory Ugriumov, ubheke umlando wekhulu XIII. Le misebenzi, kanye imidwebo YaseYurophu ngo isitayela classic, ezahlukene kokuphakama izithombe kanye iziza.

izingqikithi zomlando zobuciko Russian kule minyaka 1800-1850

Nokho Uhlobo nokudweba izithombe e zobuciko babe zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa zezemfundo, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu izifundo zomlando matasa mkhuba ovelele kule isiko kwezobuciko. Abaculi ka lo mkhuba kakhulu baqhubeka emasikweni classicism, ngokukhetha into ngomsebenzi wakhe amaqiniso nobuqhawe esidlule. uhlobo Historical ku ezobuciko, ukupenda yayiphawuleka ngokuthambekela ekhululekile ikakhulukazi, ayenakho ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi nezazi, futhi phakathi umphakathi mass.

Ukuze lesi siqondiso zihlanganisa imisebenzi Antona Ivanova "feat abasha kusuka Kiev ngesikhathi evimbezela Kiev Pechenegs e 968" (1810), Alekseya egorova "Ukuphumula kwi-Flight eGibithe" (1830). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, entsha isiqondiso - romanticism, elimalungu alo ukudala ezicacile, izithombe ngokomzwelo, okukhulu ukungezwani ngokwengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, uKarl Pavlovich Bryullov, owadala lo mdwebo abadumile ngokufa yasePompeii, Fodor Antonovich Bruni futhi Aleksandr Andreevich Ivanov, owabhala izindaba zeBhayibheli.

izingqikithi zomlando ngemisebenzi zokugcina abalobi bekhulu-quarter

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, abaculi baqala ukupenda izigcawu kusuka emlandweni Russian. Ngo ubuciko, kukhona uchungechunge imidwebo anikezelwe izenzakalo ezithile ezedlule wezwe lakithi. uhlobo Historical ku zobuciko omelelwa imidwebo elandelayo: imidwebo Ili Repina "Inkosazana UZandile e Novodevichy Sezindela" (1879) kanye "Ivan Grozny ubulala indodana yakhe?" (1884), imisebenzi Vasily Surikov, aqondiswa ku-izenzakalo ezimangalisayo kakhulu emlandweni Russia XVIII leminyaka. Le misebenzi zihlukaniswa izithombe kanjani agqamile ekhululekile futhi imvelo ngemuva.

Uhlobo komlando ezobuciko

abaculi bendawo baqala akusebenzi kubantu kuphela izenzakalo zezombusazwe, kodwa futhi lo mfanekiso ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abantu Russian. Ngakho-ke, letigcamile kulesimo Umdwebo wathatha lo okuthiwa yasendlini uhlobo zomlando. Umsebenzi wezandla lokhu mkhuba uye kwakuqala ukwanda okukhulu phakathi komphakathi elifundile sikhathi.

Njengoba isibonelo umsebenzi abalobi ezilandelayo: Vyacheslava Shvartsa, wadala isithombe mayelana ekuzingeleni bobukhosi, uKonstantin Makovsky, owabhala cishe imidwebo Muscovy ekhulwini XVII. izifundo zomlando yasendlini wathatha ukubaluleka okukhulu emsebenzini abamele inhlangano "World of Art". Ikakhulukazi imidwebo yabo babedlala nobukhazikhazi solemnity, kodwa nge touch of ukudabuka (Albert Benoit esibonisa okukhiphayo ezinkulu ka ababusi Russian futhi empresses ekhulwini XVIII, evgeniy Lansere, esibonisa esikuyo zikanokusho ngesikhathi inkantolo, Valentin Serov, ukudweba yokuzijabulisa yenkosi).

Zomlando uhlobo Umdwebo amaSoviet futhi yesimanje

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, abaculi ngokuvamile baphendukela izenzakalo Russia esidlule. Noma kunjalo, baye bavuselela isiko art zezemfundo kwekhulu XIX, esibonisa izigcawu nobuqhawe kusuka emlandweni Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, umculi V E. Popkov kubhekwa umsunguli we "isitayela ezinzima" ubuciko Soviet (imidwebo, kulethe ukwakhiwa izitshalo Hydropower). Okubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe isihloko ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ( "Mezen abafelokazi", 1965-1968.). Ipeni TE nazarenko eyakhe ukusebenza, okuyinto kungabonwa amaphuzu kokuphenduka: kuvukela Pugachev, Decembrists.

abaculi Contemporary sebekhona ababonisa isithakazelo okukhulu emlandweni Russia. I. S. Glazunov baduma ngenxa ekudaleni emidwebweni omkhulukazi anikezelwe ukuqonda esidlule zezwe lethu: "Russia, uvuke" umkhiqizo, ngokomfanekiso ekuboniseni isiphetho umbhali, (1994) kanye nabanye.

Ngakho, lapho ifingqa, singasho ukuthi izindikimba zomlando matasa indawo evelele kakhulu art Europe, kanye in umdwebo Russian. Ukuba yiqiniso nokunemba, idrama kanye solemnity njalo waba uhlobo zomlando. Zonke izinhlobo buciko ukudlulisela inkulumo, kodwa lesi sitayela ungumholi.