Uhlobo Umlando. uhlobo zomlando ezincwadini

Kanye-mlando, umlobi angabadala kabusha ukubukeka kanye Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, nakuba ukwanda kwabo kwezobuciko ngokuqinisekile ezahlukene kusukela yesayensi. Umbhali, esekelwe idatha umlando kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yabo njengoba eqanjiwe zokudala - ke okubonisa lokho kungaba, hhayi nje lokho okwakusezinhliziyweni ngokoqobo.

Imisebenzi best of uhlobo zomlando, azigcini nje ukubaluleka yobuhle, kodwa futhi zomlando ulwazi. Fiction zingathola lonke ukubukeka yizinto zesikhathi esidlule ukuze uveze imibono, imisebenzi yomphakathi, psyche, ukuphila kule izithombe bukhoma. Zomlando kanye uhlobo kuhlobene eduze, ngoba ukuphila - kungcono yingxenye yomlando. Cabanga umlando kumiswa uhlobo zomlando ezincwadini.

ezamehlela zomlando

Hhayi noma imuphi umsebenzi echaza izenzakalo esidlule, sifuna uzidala njengoba babenjalo ngokoqobo. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba kuphela indaba for imidwebo ezimibalabala, sakhiwo acute, umbala ekhethekile - angavamile, le sublime, njll Lokhu zomlando ezamehlela libhekene (isib A. umkhiqizo Dumas "Ascanio" "Herminia", "Black", "Bala Monte Kristu," "neCorsican Abafowethu" kanye nabanye). Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukudala i ngesakhiwo kuyajabulisa.

Ukuvela uhlobo zomlando

Art izincwadi zomlando waqala ukuthatha ukuma by kufika ithuba lika-18-19 eminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, ezidalwe inoveli zomlando - uhlobo olukhethekile, eye umgomo ngqo ziveza impilo kwezinkathi esidlule. Yena (njengokuvela kwalo kamuva drama engokomlando) ngokuyisisekelo sihluke imisebenzi enikelwe izenzakalo kwezinkathi odlule. Art izincwadi zomlando okuhle sekuqalile ngokuqondene ephawulekayo yenguquko ulwazi zomlando, okungukuthi, inqubo lasungulwa njengoba isayensi. Yingenxa yalesi zikhona lezi zinhlobo izinhlobo.

Abalobi bokuqala ukuba adale izinhlobo ezintsha

Umlobi lokuqala, waqala ukudala imisebenzi izihloko ezithakazelisayo kithi, kuyinto W. Scott. Ngaphambi anomthelela kumiswa izincwadi kufanele Goethe futhi Schiller, abakhulu abalobi German. Ngo umsebenzi idrama yokuqala zomlando emelelwa imisebenzi "Egmont" (1788) kanye "Goetz von Berlichingen" (1773). Eyesibili wadala "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "UWilliam Tshela" e 1804 kanye "UMariya uStuart" e 1801. Kodwa umsebenzi wangempela phesheya kwaba nje Valtera Skotta, ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli uhlobo lokukhishwa inoveli zomlando.

Ukuyiphi uchungechunge imisebenzi esibonisa inkathi eziMpini Zokholo ( "uRichard the Lionheart", "Ivanhoe," "URobert, Ukubala of Paris"), kanye kumiswa European monarchies kazwelonke ( "Quentin Durward"), inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi ( " Woodstock "," amaPuritan "), ukuphahlazeka eScotland uhlelo clan (" Rob Roy, "" Waverley "), kanye nabanye. ngokokuqala ngqá nasemisebenzini yakhe kabusha esibayeni esidlule yomlobi kusekelwe ekutadisheni zomlando (kantsi phambilini umculi ngokuyisisekelo ugweme ukudlalwa inkambo jikelele izenzakalo kanye izibalo ejwayelekile izici eziningi esikhathini esidlule). Ukudala yomlobi luwuthinte ukuqhubeka okuyinto eziye zabhekana izinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlobo.

Abalobi abaningi classical ubheke mlando indaba ephathwayo. Lezi zihlanganisa Victor Hugo, ngubani umlobi wezincwadi ahlukahlukene. amanoveli zomlando yilo kumbhali - "Cromwell", "isitayela Three", "Notre Dame de Paris" futhi abanye.

Unentshisekelo A. sihloko de Vigny ( "Cinq-Mars"), Manzoni Sidalwe 1827, "I eyingoduso", F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov nabanye.

Izici romantics imisebenzi wadala

Uhlobo Umlando, okwethulwa imisebenzi Romantics, awusebenzi njalo zomlando eziligugu. Ivikela lokhu futhi subjective ukuchazwa izenzakalo, futhi esikhundleni zezimpi lwempela emphakathini, umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Ngokuvamile nabalingiswa abasemqoka amanoveli nje samuntu irhuluphelo umbhali (isib, umsebenzi Esmeralda Hugo sika), hhayi izinhlobo ezithile zomlando. Kuthinta kakhulu nezombangazwe izinkolelo umdali. Ngokwesibonelo, A. de Vigny, ngubani besho nokusho basebukhosini kuphela, hero yakhe umkhiqizo isofthiwe eyenziwe abameleli okuthiwa Fronde amakhosi asendulo.

isiqondiso namaqiniso

Kodwa musa hlola izinzuzo le misebenzi kuye ngezinga bobuqiniso zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, amanoveli Hugo sika ube nenani elikhulu labantu ngokomzwelo umthelela force. Nokho, isinyathelo esibalulekile ukuqhubeka izincwadi uhlobo zomlando kwekhulu le-19 buxhunyaniswe nge ukunqoba kulo izimiso namaqiniso. ukuboniswa Ongokoqobo imisebenzi bemvelo kwezenhlalo, indima abantu inqubo zomlando, Ukungena enqubeni enzima umzabalazo phakathi amabutho ehlukene kulo. Lezi zici yobuhle ziye kakhulu abaqeqeshiwe esikoleni Valtera Skotta ( "Jacquerie" Merimee, "Shuany" Balzac). Uhlobo in namaqiniso kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona zomlando eRussia anqoba emisebenzini Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina ( "Arap Petra Elikhulu", "Boris Godunov", "Ndodakazi uKaputeni sika").

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaziya ngokwengqondo

Ekhulwini le-19, e-30-40s, kwaba umgodi entsha ngemisebenzi ukuhlaziywa ngokwengqondo (isib, Waterloo isithombe umsebenzi "Charterhouse of Parma" by Stendhal). Phezulu uhlobo zomlando ngekhulu le-19 - nendumezulu "Impi Nokuthula" by Tolstogo L. N. Isebenza historicism kuzibonakalisa ukudalwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomlando yokuqwashisa emikhulu yomlando, kanye wadluliswa ngendlela enembile izici yasekhaya, ezenhlalo, ngokolimi, ngokwengqondo yokungakholelwa ukuboniswa isikhathi.

uhlobo Historical ku nekhulu le-19

Phakathi nekhulu le-19, ngemva impumelelo eziningi esikoleni umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela, isizwe esivelele kakhulu okuncike impahla imibuzo zomlando ephakanyiswe isiphetho isizwe futhi ukuphila kwabantu, regressing art okwengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni izincwadi zomlando. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko lo mkhuba jikelele wobunxiwankulu amafilosofi ukuze aqinise le-mva e-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kanye Ukuhamba ngokuya enamandla evela historicism umcabango nomphakathi. Wesimanje indaba abalobi ezahlukene amanoveli zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, A. France e sawo esilotshiwe ngo-1912 umsebenzi "Onkulunkulu balambile", anikezelwe inkathi French Revolution, kunesithembiso umqondo wokuthi abantu sokugcwaliseka kwaso intuthuko.

Okuningi ezivamile okuthiwa izincwadi ongokomfanekiso, sengathi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze ulwazi olujulile inqubo zomlando, kodwa eqinisweni kudala ezakhiwe subjectivist, kokuba uhlamvu ezingaqondakali. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo: esungulwe ngo-1901, umsebenzi A. Schnitzler esithi "isihenqo Beatrice," ngo-1908, Merezhkovsky - "UPawulu mina" futhi "u-Alexander I".

uhlobo zomlando eMpumalanga

Kwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngalesi sikhathi kuba impendulo enkulu yomphakathi kanye ukubaluleka uhlobo zomlando. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kula mazwe waqala umzabalazo wenkululeko kule nkathi. Ngezinye izikhathi izincwadi zomlando iba yothando. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemisebenzi H. Sienkiewicz, umlobi nesazi-Polish:. "Kusukela Esikhathini SakaKhukhulamungu", "Umlilo Sword", "Esikhona Vadis," "kusho uColonel Wolodyjowski", "Crusaders"

Emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga le yavelonkhe yenkhululeko Wawugujelwani ukwakheka inoveli zomlando. ENdiya, isibonelo, umdali salo B.Ch. Chottopadhay.

Kutfutfukiswa uhlobo emva Okthoba Revolution

Ngo -Western Europe, ngemva Okthoba Revolution iqala nxazonke entsha yentuthuko zomlando umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela inoveli. Wanika namaqiniso eWest ukubhala uchungechunge imisebenzi tebazalwane ubuciko izincwadi zomlando. Buyela esikhathini esidlule lapho kwaba ngenxa isidingo sokuvikela amasiko kanye namagugu amasiko, kanye ukusebenza ngokumelene amaFascist abalobi abaphika. Ngokwesibonelo, kwalotshwa ngo-1939, uThomas Mann Novella "Lotte e Weimar", amanoveli eminingi ye Feuchtwanger. Lezi kuhluke yeningi, ukuzikhethela neyobuntu, uhlobene eduze imisebenzi wesimanje zinezikhathi ngesikhathi esifanayo Umsebenzi onzima mbhali ku ezihlukahlukene zomlando. Kodwa kulezi zikhathi kukhona isinyathelo kwamagama athile ukuze zomlando wobunxiwankulu isayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi lapho Feuchtwanger umqondo ngentuthuko umlando njengoba silwa conservatism futhi kungasiphi isizathu, phansi indima abantu, ebonakaliswa ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kwekutsatsa luhlangotsi.

okwangempela sezenhlalo

Kusukela okwangempela sezenhlalo esigabeni esisha, okuyinto ethatha uhlobo zomlando ezincwadini. ifilosofi yakhe wagomela ukuthi khona komlando ubuqambi lilonke abantu, ngakho izincwadi ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka zonke izimo sokuthuthukiswa sisekelwe eenkambisweni ka historicism. Ngale ndlela-ke uzuze imiphumela oluvelele. Tingcikitsi ezibaluleke kakhulu babe isithombe esibalulekile, ukuvula kwezinkathi. Kuyinto ejwayelekile izincwadi zomlando wesikhathi isifiso sokuba ngokuvamile enkulu, engakaze ibonwe. Njengoba isibonelo, inoveli "UPetru mina" A. N. Tolstogo, esibonisa umfanekiso umbusi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ositshela ngekusasa labantu bethu ngesikhathi inkathi ebaluleke kakhulu yeminyaka ukuthuthukiswa.

Eziqavile izincwadi laseSoviet emzabalazweni kumelwene nombuso ohlanga, isigcino wobukhosi isiko eziphambili waseRussia, futhi isikhathi sokulungiselela inguquko kanye nencazelo yakhe. Ngu izincwadi zomlando kakhulu kungokwalabo wadala M. umsebenzi Gorky sika "The Life of Klim Samgin" MA Sholokhov - "epholile Flows Don", AN UTolstoy - "Indlela Eya Calvary" nabanye.

Namuhla kuthandwa kakhulu ukuthi inkulu imfihlakalo zomlando - uhlobo amelwe imisebenzi Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, u-Alexander Bushkova nabanye.