Uhlu enuzi izitshalo amandla Russian. Bangaki enuzi izitshalo amandla eRussia

wesayensi yenuzi, njengoba kwavela isayensi ngemva kokutholakala ngo-1986 lososayensi radioactivity Becquerel futhi Marie Curie, waba isisekelo hhayi kuphela kwezikhali zenuzi kodwa umkhakha zenuzi.

Qala Nuclear Research eRussia

Kakade Radium Commission yasungulwa ngo-1910 eSt, ezazihlanganisa zesayensi owaziwa NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Ucwaningo radioactivity icubungula ukukhululwa amandla yangaphakathi kwenziwe esigabeni sokuqala zenuzi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla eRussia, esikhathini kusukela ngo-1921 kuya ku-1941. Khona-ke, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka neutron bamba proton kungenzeka kwakuthiwa kugomela ukusabela zenuzi ukuqoqwa of uranium.

Ngaphansi kobuholi I. V Kurchatova abasebenzi kwezikhungo eminyangweni kahulumeni ehlukahlukene ubelokhu eqashelwa umsebenzi ikakhulu ekuqalisweni kokusebenza kwe-chain reaction ka-uranium ukuqoqwa.

Phakathi ukudalwa kwezikhali zenuzi eU.SSR

Ngu-1940, iye efunde isipiliyoni omkhulu kwezibalo kanye nama-practical, ukuvumele ososayensi ukuphakamisa ubuholi wezwe ngobuchwepheshe usebenzise amandla omkhulu athomu. Ngo-1941, i-cyclotron lokuqala, okwenza bakwazi uphenyo esihleliwe excitation ka nuclei yashesha ion lakhiwa eMoscow. Ekuqaleni imishini impi washukumiseleka ukuba Ufa neKazan, futhi abasebenzi okufanele uhambe ngayo.

Ngo-1943 kwaba khona laboratory olukhethekile-nucleus yama-athomu ngaphansi kobuholi I. V Kurchatova, injongo owawungumnyaka ukudalwa ibhomu lenuzi noma i-uranium nophethiloli.

Ukusetshenziswa amabhomu e-athomu yi-United States ngo-August 1945 e Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki wadala isibonelo ka ayitholwa ubunikazi superweapon wezwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela ophoqelelwe eSoviet Union ukuze kusheshiswe umsebenzi ukudala ibhomu ayo zenuzi.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izinyathelo yenhlangano kwaba kwethulwa nokwe-uranium-graphite ophendulayo lokuqala zenuzi eRussia edolobhaneni Sarov (Gorky Region) ngo-1946. Ngo a ophendulayo test F-1 kanye imeyli engahlonziwe lokuqala elawulwa lwenziwe.

Industrial ophendulayo ngoba plutonium nokunonophala lakhiwa ngo-1948 Chelyabinsk. Ngo-1949, ukuhlolwa lwenziwe icala yenuzi plutonium kusayithi isivivinyo Semipalatinsk.

Lesi sigaba saqala ngo-umlando wokulungiselela lemandla enuzi yasekhaya. Futhi ngo-1949, umsebenzi design ukwakha isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi kwaqalwa.

Ngo-1954 e Obninsk ekusungulwe (demo) ukufakwa kuqala yenuzi emhlabeni iwumbuso ongaphakeme (5 MW).

Industrial ezimbili-injongo ophendulayo, lapho ngaphezu esikhiqiza ugesi ukuqongelela kakhudlwana futhi izikhali grade plutonium, wafakwa saseTomsk (Seversk) e laseSiberia chemical isitshalo.

amandla enuzi Russian: izinhlobo sikhungo

amandla Nuclear elaseSoviet Union ekuqaleni igxile ukusetshenziswa ephezulu amandla kulesi sikhungo:

• Imbobo ezishisayo ophendulayo RBMK (RBMK); Okokhelekayo - kancane ahlanganiswe uranium dioxide (2%), i-retarder yokusabela - graphite kokupholisayo - amanzi abilayo kuhlanzwe deuterium futhi tritium (amanzi ukukhanya).
• I ophendulayo WWER (VVER) neutron ezishisayo ebiyelwe esibuthakathaka ingcindezi, nophethiloli - uranium dioxide ahlanganiswe 3-5% umengameli - amanzi, liphinde kokupholisayo.
• BN-600 - esisheshayo neutron ophendulayo, nophethiloli - ahlanganiswe uranium kokupholisayo - sodium. ophendulayo emhlabeni kuphela commercial yalolu hlobo. Kufakiwe esiteshini Beloyarsk.
• EGP - ophendulayo ezishisayo (amandla iluphu heterogeneous) lusebenza ku Bilibino kuphela. Libhekene ngalolo okweqile we kokupholisayo (amanzi) senzeka ophendulayo uqobo. Waqaphela njengoba unpromising.

Sekukonke, Russia kungandisa NPP operation namuhla amayunithi 33 nge umthamo isamba phezu 2,300 MW:

• VVER - amayunithi 17;
• sikhungo RMBK - amayunithi 11;
• sikhungo BN - 1 iyunithi;
• sikhungo EGP - 4 amabhulokhi.

Uhlu republic Russian nawaseSoviet NPP inkathi yokufaka kusuka 1954 kuya ku-2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Injongo - Imashi nezezimboni. Ophendulayo uhlobo - AM-1. Imise ngo-2002
2. 1958, eSiberia, saseTomsk-7 (Seversk) saseTomsk esifundeni. Injongo - ukuthuthukisa izikhali-grade plutonium, ukushisa eyengeziwe futhi amanzi ashisayo ukuze Seversk futhi saseTomsk. Ophendulayo uhlobo - EI-2, 3-ADE, ADE-4, 5-ADE. Ekugcineni wayeka ngo-2008 ngaphansi isivumelwano-United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). ophendulayo izinhlobo - ADE, ADE 1, ADE-2. Injongo - ukuthuthukisa izikhali-grade plutonium ukufudumeza ore processing plant e Krasnoyarsk. I stop yokugcina ezenzeka ngo-2010 ngaphansi isivumelwano-United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. ophendulayo izinhlobo - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 BN-800. AMB-100 wama-1983, AMB-200 - yesenzo 1990.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. ophendulayo uhlobo - VVER izikhubekiso ezinhlanu. I stop lokuqala nelesibili. Isimo - wamanje.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, idolobha Melekess (laseDimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk esifundeni. Izinhlobo esungulwe ucwaningo sikhungo - WORLD SM RBT-6, Bor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Bor-60 futhi VC-50 ukukhiqiza ugesi ezengeziwe. Ilokhu enwetshiwe stop isikhathi. Isimo - esiteshini kuphela sikhungo ucwaningo. lokuvala elilinganiswayo - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, wayeka ngo-1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, elimhlophe Zori Murmansk esifundeni. Four VVER. Isimo - wamanje.
9. 1973, i-Leningrad, Sosnovy eBor, Leningrad esifundeni. Four ophendulayo RMBK-1000 (kuyafana eChernobyl). Isimo - wamanje.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka ezizimele indlela onqenqemeni. Izinhlobo sikhungo - AMB (okwamanje imile), BN futhi ezine EGP. Ukulingisa.
11. 1976. EKursk, Kurchatov eKursk esifundeni. sikhungo ezine setha RMBK-1000. Ukulingisa.
12. 1976. Armenian, ka Metsamor, Armenia. wokuqala wama-1989, VVER iyunithi ezimbili, isenzo sesibili.
13. 1977. EChernobyl, eChernobyl, e-Ukraine. sikhungo ezine setha RMBK-1000. Block wesine libhujiswa ngo-1986, iyunithi wesibili wama-1991, owokuqala - ngo-1996, eyesithathu - ngo-2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne esifundeni., Ukraine. amayunithi ezintathu nge VVER sikhungo. Ukulingisa.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk esifundeni, izilinganiso ezingamakhulu amabili ne RMBK VVER-1000. Ukulingisa.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv esifundeni., Ukraine. Three VVER. Ukulingisa.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo Ignalina wesifunda), Lithuania. Amabili RMBK ophendulayo. ngesicelo European Union wama 2009 (nge ukungena EEC).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver esifundeni. Amabili VVER. Ukulingisa.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. amabhlogo eziyisithupha phezu VVER. Ukulingisa.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov esifundeni. Four VVER. Ukulingisa.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky esifundeni., Ukraine. Omunye VVER. Ukulingisa.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov esifundeni. Ngonyaka we-2014, asebenza amabhlogo amabili VVER sikhungo. amayunithi ezimbili ngaphansi ukwakhiwa.

amandla enuzi ngemuva kwengozi EChernobyl

1986 kwafakazela ebulalayo ngemboni. Imiphumela inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu zinjalo ezingalindelekile ngesintu ngiyibona zemvelo kwaba kuvalwe eziningi izitshalo amandla enuzi. Isibalo enuzi izitshalo amandla emhlabeni jikelele kunqatshelwe. Samiswa eSoviet Union ngaphansi wokwakha hhayi iziteshi zasekhaya kuphela, kodwa futhi aphesheya.

Uhlu enuzi izitshalo amandla isiRashiya, ukwakhiwa yayo yalengiswa:

• Gorkovskaya AST (Ukushisa isitshalo);
• eCrimea;
• Voronezh AST.

Uhlu izitshalo enuzi Russian amandla, kukhanselwe ngesikhathi design futhi earthworks wokulungiselela:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• ZaseMpumalanga Ekude;
• Ivanovskaia AST (Ukushisa isitshalo);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Abandoned izitshalo amandla enuzi Russia: Izimbangela

Ukuthola kwakhiwa ku iphutha zomhlaba - izizathu ekhonjiwe imithombo ezisemthethweni ekulondolozweni Russian ukwakhiwa amandla enuzi. Imephu izindawo okukhulu zokuzamazama komhlaba yezwe lehlukanisa eCrimea-ICaucasus- Kopetdag zone iBaikal nemifantu, e-Altai-Sayan, Ekude Priamurskaya.

Kule umbono ukwakhiwa esiteshini YaseCrimea (lokuqala block ukulungela - 80%) empeleni waqala ngokungadingekile. Isizathu sangempela ukuze kulondolozwe amandla esisele njengoba ebizayo baba isimo okungekuhle - bomnotho e-USSR. Kuleso sikhathi base alondolozwe (ngokoqobo siphoselwe kabi izimali), izingosi eziningi zezimboni, naphezu izinga eliphakeme ukulungela.

Rostov NPP: resumption of ukwakhiwa edelela umbono weningi

Ukwakhiwa simila yaqalwa ngo-1981 Ngo-1990, ingcindezi evela emphakathini esebenzayo Council Regional bamukela isinqumo ukwakhiwa ukulondolozwa. Ukulungela block lokuqala ngesikhathi kwaba kakade 95% kanye 2nd - 47%.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, ngo-1998, yabukezwa okusalungiswa yasekuqaleni, inani amayunithi kuyehla kube ezimbili. Ngo-May 2000, ukwakhiwa saphinde saqalwa, futhi ngo-May 2001 ibutho lokuqala esitshalweni grid. Ukuqala ngonyaka ozayo, uye uqalisiwe ukwakhiwa yesibili. Ukwethulwa yokugcina lihlehliselwe izikhathi eziningana, futhi ngo-March 2010 labetibambile uxhumano yayo kugridi we Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP iyunithi 3

Ngo-2009, kwenziwa isinqumo on ukuthuthukisa i Rostov esikhungweni samandla enuzi ne ukufakwa amabhlogo wakhe ngaphezulu ezine ngesisekelo VVER sikhungo.

Banikezwe isimo zamanje umphakeli isikhashana ugesi enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea kufanele abe Rostov NPP. 3 iyunithi ngoDisemba 2014 ixhunywe ohlelweni amandla Russian Federation kuze amandla okungenani. Maphakathi no-2015 sihlelwe ukuqala ukusebenza commercial (1011 MW), okumele kuncishiswe ingozi eyindlala ugesi Ukraine eCrimea.

amandla enuzi ngesiRashiya yesimanje

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2015 bonke izitshalo amandla enuzi Russia (zangaleso kuyakhiwa) bangabantu ezingaphansi ka "Rosenergoatom" ukukhathazeka. Ihlekelele wemboni nobunzima ukulahlekelwa iye yasuswa. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2015 e-Russia kukhona 10 ngamandla enuzi izitshalo kuyakhiwa - 5 phansi futhi omunye esiteshini elintantayo.

Uhlu Russian izitshalo amandla enuzi ezisebenza ekuqaleni 2015:

• Beloyarsk (kokuqaliswa operation - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Power Plant (1973).
• Impela eLeningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• EKursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

enuzi izitshalo amandla Russian kuyakhiwa

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad esifundeni. amabhlogo amabili ngesisekelo kulesi sikhungo VVER-1200. Ukwakha kwaqala ngo-2012. Qala - e-2017, amandla yakhelwe - e 2018

It is kuhlelwe ukuthi Baltic NPP ngeke ukuthekelisa ugesi ukuze amazwe aseYurophu: Sweden, eLithuania, eLatvia. ugesi yokuthengisa eRussia zizokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa Lithuanian amandla uhlelo.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk esifundeni, kule sayithi yamanje. Omunye iyunithi - esekelwe ophendulayo BN-800. Ekuqaleni ehlelelwe kwethulwa ngo-2014 iye sigudluke ngenxa eyindlala Ukraine ngokuqondene izenzakalo zezombusazwe ka 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 Sosnovy eBor, Leningrad esifundeni. Chetyrehblokovaya esiteshini esekelwe sikhungo VVER-1200. Kuyoba bamelele Sela (Leningrad). Iyunithi yokuqala sihlelelwe ukwethula ngo-2015, kulandela - e-2017, 2018, 2019. ngokulandelana.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh Voronezh esifundeni, Awukude senzo. Ingabe esikhundleni ukwakhiwa nalehleliwe amabhlogo amane, owokuqala - ngesisekelo kulesi sikhungo VVER-1200, lokhu okulandelayo - VVER-1300. Ukuqala amandla design - ngo-2015 (ibutho lokuqala).
• Rostov (cm. Ngenhla).

Isikhungo se-nyukleya Imboni Emhlabeni Wonke: ekuhlaziyeni

Engxenyeni European yezwe zakhelwe cishe yonke enuzi izitshalo amandla Russian. Map ilungiselelo kwamaplanethi enuzi izitshalo amandla ikhombisa lokuhlushwa izinto ezindaweni ezine ezilandelayo: I-Europe, eMpumalanga Ekude (Japan, China, Korea), eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eMelika Ephakathi. Ngokwe IAEA, Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi mayelana 440 eqhutshwa 2014.

izitshalo amandla Nuclear tibheke kula mazwe alandelayo:

• US enuzi izitshalo amandla ukukhiqiza 836 630 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ..;
• eFrance - 439 730 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• eRussia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• e Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• e-Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ..