Ukufika kokuba amaNazi ethathe umbuso e-Italy: kubangela nemiphumela

Ngaphansi Fascism e-Italy ukuba baqonde inqubomgomo wobushiqela zombuso-capitalism, ukuze achithe kusukela ngo-1922 kuya 1943. umhleli Kwalo umholi uNdunankulu.

Fascism: Definition

Leli gama umsuka double. Nge Italian fascio ihumusha ngokuthi "League". Kusukela Latin - "uvumelanise". Wenza njengoba iwuphawu ekuphathweni wamaRoma. Umholi wobushiqela Italian - kukaNdunankulu - benza fascia litshwayo neqembu lakhe. Ukuqala imisebenzi yayo, wadinga ukubuyisela wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. I fascia wamukelwa ngonyaka 1919 Kukholakala ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwazalwa wobushiqela. Ukunqunywa ezincwadini zesayensi liwubiza ngokuthi syncretic ukuphathwa imodeli. Ngesisekelo nezinye isiqondiso sayo kamuva kwamiswa.

ukunyakaza eziyisisekelo

KobuFasi nobuNazi ukukhuthalele basakaza ekhulwini XX. izinhlobo eziningi abanalo izici ezivamile zefilosofi zezombusazwe. Kwakungekhona izimiso ngemibono, ezamasiko kanye Tactical efanayo futhi. Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala wobushiqela nobuNazi e ukubonakaliswa ezahlukene okwenzeka emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphansi kobuholi ukunyakaza kaHitler kwavela eJalimane. Ngezinye kwamiswa esifanayo e-Argentina Peronism, eRomania kwakukhona "Iron Guard", wazalelwa eSpain falangizm eBrazil - integralism, Japan - statism. E-Hungary, kwakheka "Umcibisholo Cross Party" nokunye.

esibalulekile

Ngaphambi amaFascist Umhlaba Okwesibili wayekholelwa ukuthi izenzo zabo zisekelwe izimiso ezivamile zefilosofi. ukunyakaza ngalinye lalisekamelweni umholi wayo. uhlelo Omunye yangaphandle Kusolwa. Futhi lowo mcabango esekelwe kaDarwin kwezenhlalo, elitism. Nokho, uhulumeni ngamunye ulwela ukuba banamathele wobushiqela ngokuqhubekayo mayelana nesizwe sabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ePortugal, kwakukhona isimo kwabefundisi-corporate, eyayiholwa Salazar. ESpain, wahlakulela Phalangist Union. Ngo-1945 th iningi ohulumeni undlovukayiphikiswa lalihlukene amaNazi. Ngakho bazama ukuqeda zokulinganiswa imibono yabo imodeli Hitler.

isizinda theory

Umqondo ukhiye we zesistimu evezwe "Imfundiso". umdali kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe Dzhovanni Dzhentile. Wenza njengoba umsunguli isifundiso ukukhohliseka actualistic. Dzhovanni Dzhentile lilandiswe "Imfundiso" izwe yayo yesenzo okusendaweni yabantu. Wagomela ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwempi. "Ukuthula Ongunaphakade 'inqatshelwe njengoba into kumnandi.

Okudingekayo ukuze ukuvela

Izizathu ukufika amaNazi ethathe umbuso ngo-Italy zisekelwe isimo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho ngaleyo nkathi. nemiphumela eqatha lapho yaze yaphela impi yezwe kwatholakala ukuthi azinaso kakhulu. -Ekhona Oku izinkinga kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho kungukuthi kuphela singakaxazululwa, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, nakakhulu ngemandla. Ezweni lesethembiso emazweni aseBalkan, leli zwe like ayitholakalanga. impahla Huge kanye lemihlatshelo yabantu yayiyize. A, umphumela walo oqondile impi lapho kubhujiswa lesi umkhakha wezomnotho. ukwehla emakiwe ekukhiqizeni, ukwanda izikweletu zangaphandle, ukwanda abangasebenzi. Isimo abasebenzi usufinyelele, esiye saholela yokwanda okukhulu ukunyakaza yeningi futhi abasebenzi ', kanye inhlekelele 1919-1920.

Isiqubulo ethandwa kakhulu kwaba ucingo phakathi ababhikishi: "Ukuze wenze kanjalo, kokubili e-Russia." Okusho 1917. E-Italy, ngokushesha baqala ukusakaza umbono ka ukusungulwa amabhizinisi, ukusungulwa ubushiqela abantu abasebenza. Ekwindla ka-1920, abasebenzi baqala ukuthatha ifektri enyakatho yezwe, ukubethula ukulawula ukusebenza zokukhiqiza. Esikhathini eningizimu yaqinisa abalimi abampofu futhi izisebenzi. Kulesi simo waqinisa isikhundla Socialist Party ngokushesha. Yaba incwadi ukunyakaza ngobukhulu sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. Kodwa ngenxa yokuhlukanisa manqikanqika ubuholi ezenzeka esikhathini party. Ngo-1921, it isukile kophiko lwesokunxele. Kwakheka Communist Party.

Ukufika kokuba amaNazi ethathe umbuso e-Italy

1919 kubhekwa isikhathi sokuqala ekuqaleni ukunyakaza entsha. Ngo-March sasiqhutshelwa inhlangano ephambili beqembu "lokulwa umbimbi." It iqondiswa Benito (za) uMussolini. Waxoshwa ukunyakaza sezenhlalo ngahlanganyela disaffected amasosha, nezihlakaniphi, abafundi, abameleli onxiwankulu kuyinto engasho lutho, umphetho ahlukahlukene nge ukubukwa zezombusazwe akucacile. Ngo ezinyakazayo yayo, futhi kwaba khona abangu-izakhi lobugebengu. Bonke laba bantu bahlanganiswe inzondo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kanye embuthweni wezabasebenzi.

Okokuqala, inani labamba iqhaza lalilincane. Kodwa abaholi ukunyakaza ukuyichaza kahle kwemizwa kubantu abavamile. Ukufika kokuba amaNazi ethathe umbuso e-Italy Lwenziwe ngenxa azosebenzisa demagogy kwezenhlalo, ukufunisela ku iziqubulo ethandwa ngaleso sikhathi. abaholi Party omnikeza izithembiso ezinkulu, bezama ukunqoba ukuzethemba izingqimba ezahlukene kanye amakilasi. Ngu ekwindla ka-1919 kwaqala ukuvela amaqembu ahlomile. amalungu abo aseqalile udlame ekuhlaseleni ukuhweba Abamele izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye Socialists. Naphezu kwezithembiso demagogic ukuthi basakazwa za uMussolini, abamele onxiwankulu omkhulu wabona emandleni ukunyakaza ezingase ukucindezela umsebenzi wezisebenzi, ukuvikela impahla kanye ukusungula oda kuleli zwe, benaka izithakazelo izigwili. Ngo-November 1921, ke ezamenyezelwa kumiswa National wamaFascist Party kule nhlangano Congress. Iphuzu eliyinhloko zohlelo sasitholakala eshicilelwe umqondo "nangobukhulu abantu."

Izici wobushiqela Italian sasihlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi ekufinyeleleni kulezi zinhloso kwakumelwe bakhonze zonke izingxenye sabantu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yena, kwakudingekile yokudala ukuthula phakathi kwabo. Mayelana lokhu amaKhomanisi futhi Socialist, obiza umzabalazo yesigaba sabasebenzi ngokumelene onxiwankulu, bona kwathiwa nezitha zika ubumbano lukazwelonke. Yaqala ngenkuthalo ngezimali zangaphandle. Yena wasekela kulendawo enkulu, izisebenzi zasebhange kanye nezimboni. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukufika amaNazi ethathe umbuso ngo-Italy uyobavikela izithakazelo zabo, abhubhise embuthweni wezabasebenzi, abasebenzi amandla ukulalela. Nge imvume abameleli umholi elite iqembu umphumela ugwayi katiki ukuba uhulumeni kanye amaqembu ahlomile lahlela umkhankaso waseRoma. Okthoba 30, 1922 King uqoka uMussolini undunankulu.

ukuhamba

Ukufika kokuba amaNazi ethathe umbuso e-Italy sinqatshiwe iningi labantu. Ngo kusaqalwa isikhundla seqembu bekulokhu eziguquguqukayo. Nokho, cishe ngokushesha ukuze usizo lwazo kwafika monopolies American. United States ngomusa ukubhala off the izikweletu impi ye-Italy ngo-80,2%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lemali esele imisiwe irekhodi ongaphakeme senzalo - 0.4%. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, Morgan Bank ngo-1925 wanikwa boleko $ 100 mln., Yikuphi kwalandelwa nezinye loans eziningana. Njengoba sazi ukuthi injongo eyinhloko uhlelo Versailles-Washington isinyathelo ukunyakaza futhi limelene namaSoviet ukufika amaNazi ethathe umbuso ngo-Italy bavunyelwe "londoloza Europe kusukela ubuKhomanisi." Yingakho kukaNdunankulu "hola usizo lwezimali" Imodi.

ukuqashelwa jikelele

UMussolini kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso iqhawe, ukulwa emelene nobukhomanisi. US Ambassador Childe (omunye osomaqhinga enkulu of America), kukaNdunankulu wethulwa emhlabeni izibalo kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi. kwashiwo okufanayo ehla umlomo nomunye sezombangazwe esivelele of America - Butler. Wayekholelwa kukaNdunankulu sikahulumeni enkulu XX leminyaka. UNobhala woMbuso, bese ilungu US Armed Forces Charles Hughes, ngesikhathi kunezinkinga ka 1929-1933. Wathi izwe lidinga "a uMussolini" ukuxazulula nobunzima kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ekhona. Ekuqaleni 1927 eRoma futhi wavakashela Churchill. Wamhlaba umxhwele ukuvakasha kanye uMussolini umxhwele.

Mfushane Umlando

UMussolini wazalwa ngo-1883. Yena uvela emndenini wensimbi sika. umeluleki kwakhe ngokomoya kwabangelwa Machiavelli. Ekuphileni okungokoqobo, Benito uMussolini maduze ngokwanele wajoyina nomphakathi e ingxabano. Iqiniso lokuthi kwadingeka umsebenzi nesizotha njengoba uthisha esikoleni sabaqalayo kwahlongozwa, kuyilapho wayefuna ukuba abe ngaphandle kukaKhesari. Eminyakeni engu-20, ngibalekela inkonzo yezempi, uMussolini babalekela eSwitzerland. Lapha ngokungatjhugulukiko azi- a sezenhlalo ke i anarchist ke umuntu ophika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, njalo njalo. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi ngempela kahle. Abaningi intshontshiwe. Khona-ke bayiswa ejele waxoshwa Switzerland, wathuthela e-Austria.

umsebenzi Political Benito

Ngo-1905, njengoba uyimbuka amnestied, wabuyela ezweni lakubo. Njengoba bajoyine Socialist Party, uMussolini ngokushesha wenza umsebenzi wokuphila. Kabili esejele (esifushane). Njengoba izikhathi eziningi waphonsa abafazi nezingane. Ngo-1914, uMussolini baba umhleli umzimba sezenhlalo, futhi kamuva ukuhlela iphephandaba zabo, inkanuko bavikela umqondo Entente. Ngemva kwempi e-Italy umuntu ozalwa ethandwa ukunyakaza enamandla wamavukelambuso. Kuleli qophelo, undunankulu esizayo inikeza ngamasevisi akhe kuya kulendawo futhi capitalists. Ngekusitwa nguthishela zabo zezimali uhlanganisa thugs kanye hooligans emaqenjini - okubizwa ngokuthi abezempi undlovukayiphikiswa. Ngo-October 1922, yena ihlela edume "Mashi ku Rome". Inhlokodolobha wathutha isixuku esingaka 8000 Blackshirts. Uhulumeni in a ukwethuka, futhi uMussolini umphumela kulindeleke njengoba uchitshiyelwe, ngokusekelwe eMilan. kungazelelwe eRoma wathola incwadi yocingo lapho inkosi yathi kuye ukuba abe undunankulu.

isiphetho

Njengengxenye uhlelo Versailles-Washington waba preordained indima emazweni okwakufanele ukudlala indima "isibhakela" wokusabela ngamazwe ekulweni neSoviet Union. Ngokuyinhloko olwenziwe eJalimane nakwamanye amandla kabani ohulumeni babezibheka ngezinga elithile bancishwa engqungqutheleni ukuthula. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Italy. wave Turbid wenhlangano entsha, elaqala eminyakeni yakhe dvadtsytye emelela ebumbene isiqinisekiso okunokwethenjelwa hhayi kuphela ukuthi leyo mibuso uyokwenza njengoba yaphenduka amaphikankani indlela emelene ngempela namaSoviet. Lezi iinkhathi ababeyoba abaculi zomhlaba intando kosozimali kweqiniso.

Kakade 1920 ukuchaza ngokucacile inqubomgomo lamazwe "yeningi". Zonke izenzo zabo okuhloswe ngawo ukudala izimo ngoba nokuhlaselwa kwaleli abaculi okuthiwa wase-USSR. Ngokwenza kanjalo, amandla kosozimali kwakufanele ahlale sibukela, okungenani emabangeni kokuqala kwempi. Kumele ukuthi Italy akukaze kudlalwa violin kuqala i-orchestra eYurophu. UMbuso awuzange iyahlukahluka zinethuba lokuthuthuka zezimboni, lalingelihle ukuba kuhlalwe indawo. Konke lokhu kakhulu kungagcini amakhono lempi wobushiqela e-Italy.