Ukuhlukaniswa ngohlanga: ukuthi lo mqondo namuhla?

E-United States, kuze kube muva nje, kwakukhona ukuhlukana kwazo Abamhlophe, abansundu namaNdiya, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngohlanga. Inchazelo zalesi simo is best wembulela izici zayo ezingokomthetho futhi kuyiqiniso.

icala umlando

Sebandlululo emthethweni waqala ngo-1865 emva ukuqedwa olusemthethweni zokugqilazeka Melika. Lesi Sichibiyelo abadumile 13 sivimbela ebugqilini futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo esigunyazwe ukuba khona ehlukile izikole Negro, izitolo, futhi amayunithi ezempi.

Ngo -United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX uchungechunge imithetho ku wokuhlukaniswa Japanese yobuhlanga, njengokuthi "Mthetho ukuze ingafaki Asians" wenza kube nzima ukuthola US yisakhamuzi yibo kwavunyelwana.

Household ukuhlukaniswa

Ezindaweni lapho indlela yokuphila ayikashintshi amashumi eminyaka, abantu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene babe ngokwesiko selilos ezindaweni babodvwana. Ngakho, kweziningi emadolobheni ekuqaleni kwaphakama ukuhlukaniswa yasendlini. Yini loku kusho ukuthini ingacaciswa isibonelo eNew York, lapho kuwo wonke umlando ukhona kwakhiwa Negro elingalodwa, isiShayina, omakhelwane Japanese.

Household ukuhlukaniswa kuza ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundo ehlukile abansundu nabamhlophe e-United States iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu. Lo mthetho owenqabela kokuqala kwezomthetho ku ukuhlukaniswa ezikoleni yamukelwa eziningana US uthi, kuphela ngo-1954, futhi ngo-samuntu ukuphila kwakhe ephelezelwa iqembu eliphikisayo asebenzayo we Abamhlophe.

Same mkhuba ugly bekulokhu kuvinjelwe imishado exubile "amhlophe" futhi "amakhaladi". Izingane ezivela imishado enjalo babeyalisiswa ukugconwa yokuxhashazwa. Ngokuvamile bengafuni ukuthatha phezu ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezikole Negro, futhi ezikoleni zabamhlophe.

Cases Army ...

Isisekelo esingokomthetho ukuhlukaniswa e-US Army ezingeni zomthetho babekwa 1792. mayelana Militia Umthetho uyasho ukuthi ukukhonza ayengakwenza kuphela "khulula enamandla owesilisa omhlophe." e 1863 kuphela kwase kunesiqiniseko nenqubo esemthethweni ukunxenxa kwabamnyama. Futhi Negros wakhonza ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, lapho ngisho izikhundla kakhulu isikhulu elalihlala abamhlophe. Basuke ukubandlululwa nawabela isiphathimandla ezinhlwini non-ethunywe, kanye nokukhishwa kwethenda ka izindondo emamaki yehluke ngokwengeziwe.

Kufika ku-50-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XX isimo ebuthweni azizange zishintshe. umzila Hlukanisa amasevisi, kuvinjelwe iqhaza ezingxabanweni, ukubandlulula e yokunikeza izihloko - konke lokhu ukuhlukaniswa ibutho. Ukuthi lokhu senzakalo noMthethosisekelo njalo iqedwe, kwaba sobala kuphela emva Ukwamukelwa 1964 Civil Rights Act.

isimo samanje ezindabeni

izinkinga ukuhlukaniswa futhi namuhla ahlale ngempela efanele. Umbiko uSolwazi eHarvard University , Gary Orfilda 2006 yaphawula ukuthi cishe yonke impumelelo emphakathini American, sibonga ngalo iqedwe ukuhlukaniswa nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Kusho ukuthini lokhu ku ngezimo esiphila kuzo, kulula ukukuqonda, ukuhlola ibalazwe, okuyinto ibonakala babhekane nezinga elikhulu zobuhlanga e-United States kuye endaweni lapho uhlala khona.

Ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo idatha ipasipoti kwezakhamuzi kweshumi ezifundazweni eziningana, lezi amabalazwe unikeze lendaba bokuba khona sina umthengi ukuhlukaniswa. Ikakhulukazi, inani labantu abanebala elinsundu lwedolobha Detroit, St Louis, Birmingham uyaqhubeka ukuze kuxazululwe ngokwehlukana kusukela emhlophe.

Kukhona umbono okuphambene, owawuthi United States ngokucacile umkhuba jikelele mayelana nokuhlanganiswa mutual sabantu. Kule minyaka eyi-10, ukuhlukaniswa ngohlanga unqabe kuyo yonke imizi abakhulu e-US.

Kukholakala ukuthi ukhetho kokuthunyelwe ka uMengameli waseMelika Baraka Obamy Abansundu eMelika bavunyelwe ukunciphisa into ehlazisayo ukuhlukaniswa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa emphakathini American cishe kwaqedwa khona, limenyezelwe a zezomnotho umbiko Edvarda Glauzera eHarvard University futhi Iakova Vigdora of Duke University.

Ekutadisheni kwabo, uphawula ukuthi ngo-2010, "ghettos abamnyama" owakhiwe% 20 kuphela black labantu Melika, kanti lesi sibalo safinyelela ku-50% ngo-1960. Nokho, izinga ukuhlanganiswa e emadolobheni amakhulu US zisekhona akufani, futhi abantu e-Atlanta, Houston, Dallas nekuhlanganisa ezingaphezu kuka-New York. Yamadolobha 13 ne abanesibalo esiphezulu sokuhlukanisa Afrika America zayo New York kubonisa isifiso okungenani ukuhlanganiswa "umbala". Naphezu kwazo zonke ekhona yohlelo lokwethembeka, luhlala luwuhlamvu lunye yamadolobha kuhlukaniswa kakhulu e-US.