Ukusetshenziswa alkanes

Ukusetshenziswa alkanes wehlukile ngempela - bajwayele njengoba uphethiloli, kanye Mechanics, imithi, njll Indima lezi amakhemikhali empilweni yesimanje ayikwazi overestimated.

Alkanes: izakhiwo kanye nencazelo emfushane

Alkanes kuyizinto ezingekho eyindilinga carbon compounds lapho ama-athomu carbon axhunyaniswa ngezibopho elula ayegcwele. Lezi izinto ukumela inombolo izakhiwo ezithile kanye nezici. Ifomula jikelele alkanes simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

CnH2n + 2

Lapha N-athomu carbon. Ngokwesibonelo, CH3, C2H6.

Amalungu okuqala amane eziningi alkanes - izinto gaseous - kuyinto methane, ethane propane kanye butane. Zezakhi ezilandelayo (kusuka C5 ukuba C17) - iwuketshezi. Eziningana uyaqhubeka compounds okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kukhona ukudla okuqinile.

Ngokuqondene izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkanes mancane asebenzayo - they cishe musa uxhumana alkalis futhi acid. Phela, lo nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kunqunywa ukusetshenziswa alkanes.

Nokho, lezi zakhi zinezikhathi kwabanye ukusabela, kuhlanganise esikhundleni sama-athomu ye-hydrogen, kanye netinchubo cleavage yezinhlayiya.

• Isici kunazo halogenation ukuphendula kubhekwa lapho ama-athomu ye-hydrogen esikhundleni Halogen. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kukhona ukusabela chlorination futhi bromination yalezi compounds.
• Nitration - esikhundleni nitro kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen ukusabela nge alulaze (10% lokuhlushwa) nitric acid. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-alkanes ungathathi ngamawala nge acid. Ukuze ukuqhuba ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela, izinga lokushisa wayefisa 140 ° C.
• Namachibi - ngaphansi alkanes evamile ayikwazi wadalula kunomoya-mpilo. Noma kunjalo, ngemva ukuthungela emoyeni, lezi izinto ungene ukusabela amandla omlilo, imikhiqizo yokugcina okuyizinto amanzi -carbon dioxide.
• Nomthathambe - okunjena kwenzeka kuphela ebukhoneni ekwandeni edingekayo. Phakathi cleavage eziphikelelayo izibopho homologous phakathi ama-athomu carbon. Ngokwesibonelo, kwemifantu butane ekusabeleni ingatholakala ethane futhi ethylene.
• Isomerization - ngenxa imiphumela catalysts ezithile kungaba ezinye kabusha carbon skeleton of the alkane.

Ukusetshenziswa alkanes

The main umthombo zemvelo lezi izinto abanjalo imikhiqizo ezibalulekile, ezifana igesi yemvelo kanye namafutha. Izicelo alkanes namuhla ebanzi kakhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene.

Ngokwesibonelo, izidakamizwa gaseous esetshenziswa njengoba umthombo owusizo nophethiloli. Isibonelo salokhu i-methane, yakhiwa igesi yemvelo le-butane ingxube.

Omunye umthombo alkanes - uwoyela, ukubaluleka lapho isintu yesimanje kunzima overestimate. Ukuze imikhiqizo uwoyela zihlanganisa:

• uphethiloli - esetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli;
• kaphalafini;
• uwoyela diesel noma igesi ukukhanya uwoyela;
• uwoyela negesi esindayo, esetshenziselwa kungamafutha lubricating;
• izinsalela petroleum ziphuzo zazihluzwa isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza asphalt.

imikhiqizo kaphethiloli nazo esetshenziselwa ukulungiswa zepulasitiki, nezindwangu zokwenziwa, rubbers kanti ezinye izinto zokususa amabala.

Kodwa ukusetshenziswa alkanes ubanzi kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ketshezi yalezi izinto ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo kumakhemikhali awuketshezi futhi njengoba propellants.

Petrolatum futhi petrolatum - ukudla akhiwa nenye alkanes. Zisetshenziswa imithi futhi Cosmetology (ikakhulukazi ukulungiswa amafutha okhilimu), kanye namakha.

Upharafini - omunye umkhiqizo owaziwa okuyinto inhlanganisela alkanes okuqinile. Lokhu mass esiqinile white, lapho izinga lokushisa Ukushisa 50 - 70 degrees. Ngo yokukhiqiza lanamuhla wax isetshenziselwa ikhandlela ukwenziwa. Lesi sihloko esifanayo elifakwe okufanayo. Kwezokwelapha, asebenzisa upharafini ukuqhuba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba ukushisa ukwelashwa.