Ukuthwebula waseConstantinople yi Crusaders

Ngo 1204, izwe medieval ukuthi onyakaziswa ukuthunjwa waseConstantinople yi Crusaders. Western ibutho izinduna waya East, abafisa anqande amaSulumane eJerusalema, futhi ekugcineni wathumba inhloko-dolobha Christian WaseByzantium. Knights nge engakaze ibonwe ukuhaha nonya futhi baphanga ingcebo edolobheni cishe wabhubhisa wangaphambili ngesiGreki isimo.

Befuna eJerusalema

I mlando bamba wesimanje kweConstantinople ngo 1204 esenzeka nohlaka eMpi Yenkolo Yesine, okuyinto uye wahlela uPapa Innocent III, njengoba zaholela kahle amakhosi asendulo Bonifatsiy Monferratsky. Lo muzi ethumba hhayi amaSulumane, sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto feuded WaseByzantium, futhi Knights entshonalanga. Yini eyabangela ukuba ahlasele lo muzi Christian medieval? Ngisho ekupheleni XI ngekhulu le Crusaders uqale waya East nama-Arabhu ngilinqobile umuzi ongcwele iJerusalema. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, ePalestina kwakukhona umbuso Katolika, ukuthi ngandlela-thile wabambisana yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Ngo 1187, le nkathi esikhathini esidlule. AmaSulumane labuye layithatha eJerusalema. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, wahlela Okwesithathu Crusade (1189-1192), kodwa kushabalele. Ukunqotshwa awazange ayiphule amaKristu. UPapa Innocent III wasiphakamisa inhlangano Yenkolo Okwesine entsha, okwathi kamuva laba ixhunywe kanye bamba waseConstantinople yi Crusaders e 1204.

Ekuqaleni, Knights babekhuphukela ukuya eZweni Elingcwele ngokusebenzisa iMedithera. Yiba ePalestina babenethemba lokuthi ngosizo Venice imikhumbi, okuyiwona isivumelwano kwangaphambilini sasayinwa nalo. Edolobheni Italian futhi inhloko-dolobha ezimele yomthengisi republic kwavela ibutho 12000th, owakhiwa ikakhulukazi of amasosha French. Venice ke imithetho asebebadala izimpumputhe Doge Enrico Dandolo. Naphezu ubuthakathaka bakhe ngokomzimba, ayenakho engqondweni intriganskim futhi ukubala abandayo. Njengoba inkokhelo ngoba imikhumbi futhi imishini Doge babefuna ukuba la Crusaders isamba esindayo kakhulu - ngamatalenta * ayikhulu esiliva ayizinkulungwane 20. The French babengenalo eningi kangako, okwakusho ukuthi umkhankaso kungenzeka iphele kokuba siqale. Nokho, Dandolo wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke drive ukuthi Crusaders. Wasikisela ukuthi ibutho wayelangazelela ukuzwa impi idili engakaze ibonwe.

uhlelo olusha

Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuthwebula waseConstantinople yi Crusaders e 1204 ngabe akwenzekanga ukube bekungengenxa ye-umbango phakathi BoMbuso WaseByzantium futhi Venice. imibuso yezizwe emibili Mediterranean babebanga nokubusa zasolwandle kanye zezombusazwe ezikule ndawo. Ukuphikisana phakathi abathengisi Italian nesiGreki alikwazanga ukuxazululwa ngokuthula - ukusika lokhu ifindo ubudala ayengakwenza kuphela emikhulu impi. Venice neze possessed bayibutho elikhulu, kodwa lalibuswa osopolitiki ngobuqili, ngubani ephethwe ukusizakala izandla yomunye we Crusaders.

Okokuqala u-Enrico Dandolo ezihlongozwayo Western Knights kuhlasela kwakungekaNkulunkulu Hungary sika-Adriatic port Zadar. Ngamtshela ukuthi ukusiza Doge wathembisa ukuthutha amasosha ukuwela ePalestina. Ukufunda mayelana nesivumelwano kwakwakhiwa, uPapa Innocent III uvinjelwe mashi, aze asongela ngisho esontweni abangalaleli.

Iziphakamiso ungazange kwasiza. Iningi izikhulu okuvunyelwene kwizimo republic, nakuba kwakunabamemezeli labo wenqabile ukuthatha izikhali ulwe nabantu base amaKristu (isibonelo, Ukubala kaSimon de Montfort, okwathi kamuva wahola impi yenkolo ngokumelene Albigenses). Ngo-1202, ngemva olunegazi lokushaya Knights ibutho Ukuthunjwa Zadar. Kwakuyisikhathi ukubuyekeza, ngemuva okuyinto kwalandelwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthatha ngokuthi iConstantinople. Ngemva pogrom e Zadar Innocent III kafushane laxoshwa Bandla Crusaders, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe ngokushesha sakhe sengqondo sase sishintshile, sashiya kuphela baseVenice kwakuzondeka. ibutho ongamaKristu usulungele ukuhamba emuva empumalanga.

izikolo ubudala

Ukuhlela umkhankaso olandelayo, Innocent III wazama ukuthola lo mbusi WaseByzantium, hhayi kuphela ukuthi uwusekele umkhankaso, kodwa futhi iSonto Union. Sekuyisikhathi eside iSonto lamaRoma wazama niwunqobe esiGrekini, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe emizamweni yakhe yaphela ngo lutho. Lapha futhi manje eByzantium belahla abanobunye Latins. Kuzo zonke izizathu ukuthi kwenzekeni ukuthathwa waseConstantinople yi Crusaders, upapa ingxabano umbusi oye ziye zaba ngomunye wemikhakha okusemqoka kunakho konke okudingeka nokuchaza.

Athintekayo nokuhaha ka Knights Western. Izinduna, owahamba umkhankaso wakwazi okhela ukudla inkuzi e Zadar futhi manje ufuna ukuphinda mayhem okuzingela kakade inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium - omunye lamadolobha acebile Ephakathi. Izinganekwane mayelana ingcebo yakhe, enqwabelanisa amakhulu eminyaka, okugqugquzelwa ubugovu nokuhaha abaphangi esizayo. Nokho, esidinga ukuchazwa kabanzi ngemibono, okuyinto obala ukuthi umlungu ukukhanya esifanele wokuba kuhlaselwe umbuso. Akukhona eside ukufika. Ikusasa bamba waseConstantinople Crusaders wachaza iqiniso lokuthi eByzantium, hhayi kuphela kungasizi nabo ekulweni amaSulumane, kodwa futhi uphetha yingozi imibuso zamaKatolika Palestine isivumelwano Seljuk nabaseTurkey.

The main ukungqubuzana kweziphathimandla zempi kwaba sisikhumbuza "Ekilasini we Latins." Ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko ababephila ngesikhathi wakhumbula mass lokubulala zamaJalimane eConstantinople ngo 1182. I ke uMbusi u-Alexius II Comnenus esemncane kakhulu, esikhundleni imithetho zazo unina ibamba Maria-Antiyokiya. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi udadewabo omunye wezikhulu yamaKatolika Palestine, ngoba lokho eNtshonalanga Yurophu ukubukelwa abacindezelwe umthetho ngesiGreki. Abantu bendawo mutinied futhi beguduza amakota angaphandle. izinkulungwane Killed abaMhlophe, futhi ulaka esibi kunazo esixuku wawashaya Pisans nabaseGenoa babephethe. Abaningi abasinda lwalesi sibhicongo bakwamanye amazwe ngabe ethengiswe ebugqilini amaSulumane. Kule siqephu lwalesi sibhicongo we Latins eNtshonalanga khumbula, futhi engamashumi amabili kamuva, futhi-ke, izinkumbulo ezinjalo ngcono ubudlelwane Empire kanye Crusaders.

Pretender yesihlalo sobukhosi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unamandla kangakanani kwakungelona ukungathandi amaKatolika ukuba woMbuso WaseByzantium, kwaba akwanele ukuba kukwenze ukuthwebula waseConstantinople. Iminyaka futhi umbuso wonke amakhulu eminyaka ayebhekwa zokugcina nesiphephelo Christian empumalanga, oqaphe ukuthula e-Europe, phambi ezihlukahlukene izinsongo, kuhlanganise Seljuk-Turks and Arabhu. Ihlasela eByzantium kwakusho ukuba baphule ukholo lwakhe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesiGreki Isonto wahlukana eRoma.

Ukuthwebula waseConstantinople yi Crusaders ku yi kwakubangelwa inhlanganisela izimo eziningana. Ngo 1203, ngemva nje isaka Zadar, izikhulu entshonalanga bewubale ekugcineni bathola izaba ukuhlasela umbuso. Isizathu ayehlasela kwaba isicelo usizo Alexei Angela, ndodana wagudluzwa uMbusi Isaka II. UBaba Wakhe ogqunywe ejele; indlalifa ukuhambahamba Europe ngoxoxisana ngamaKatolika ukuthola ukubuya ukufaneleka kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ngo 1203, u-Alex wahlangana amanxusa angaphandle esiqhingini neCorfu, futhi benza isivumelwano nabo ukuze uthole usizo. Eyayikhokhelwa ukubuya amandla lomsebenzi baba bathembisa lezi zingane eningi umvuzo Knights. Njengoba-ke kwaba sobala ukuthi lesi sivumelwano isibe isikhubekiso, ngenxa ngaleso sikhathi ngishaqekile ukuthunjwa emhlabeni kweConstantinople ngo 1204.

nesiphephelo evikelekile

Isaka II Angelos uchithwa ngo 1195 umfowabo Alexis III. Kuyinto lokhu uMbusi bangqubuzana kanye nopapa ngendaba asize ngokuhlanganisa bamabandla futhi kwadingeka izingxabano eziningi ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi Venetian. Ukubusa kwakhe kweminyaka engu ayisishiyagalombili-kwaphawulwa ukwehla kancane kancane yoMbuso WaseByzantium. INGCEBO YENDODA lizwe lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona ebukhosini anamandla, kanye nabantu abavamile wazizwa Ukunganeliseki ngokuya eqinile.

Nokho, lapho ngo-June 1203 kwafika eConstantinople Crusaders imikhumbi kanye baseVenice, labantu namanje wasukuma ukuze kuvikeleke iziphathimandla. AmaGreki Ordinary abathandanga franc ngendlela efanayo njengoba Latins akakuthandanga amaGreki ngokwabo. Ngakho, impi Crusaders futhi umbuso waba okugqugquzelwa hhayi kuphela ngenhla kodwa ngezansi.

Ukuvinjezelwa inhlokodolobha WaseByzantium kwakuyingozi kakhulu. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana ke akakwazanga angathatha noma yisiphi ibutho, kungakhathaliseki Arabhu, Turks and lwamaSlav. Emlandweni isiRashiya, kuyinto isiqephu owaziwa, lapho 907 wayethatha Oleg iConstantinople. Nokho, uma ukusetshenziswa esiqinile okubekwe ngayo, khona-ke akukho bamba waseConstantinople awuzange. Kiev isikhulu ovinjezelwe idolobha athandwayo, bethukile izakhamuzi retinue wakhe omkhulu futhi imikhumbi on amasondo ke amaGreki bavumelana naye mayelana nezwe. Nokho, ibutho Russian akazange umuzi, ke lokhu akusebenzanga kuyinto yokuphangwa, kodwa kuphela izinkokhelo kuya lokumiswa ezinkulu. A uphawu impi isiqephu uma Oleg abethelwe isihlangu emasangweni inhlokodolobha WaseByzantium.

Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka amathathu, izindonga waseConstantinople kwakungamadodana Crusaders. Ngaphambi kokuba ahlasele idolobha, Knights okulungiselele uhlelo eningiliziwe izenzo zabo. Inzuzo yayo eyinhloko baye ubanjwe phambili kokufika iyiphi impi nge umbuso. Ngo 1187 the baseByzantium ukuze baseVenice isivumelwano ukunciphisa izimoto zawo e wokusiza eWestern oMfelandawonye kwenzeka lapho yayibambene ngezihluthu nombuso amaSulumane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, futhi yayiqala ngokuthi iConstantinople yi Crusaders. Idethi ukusayinwa ngoxhaxha kwaba inhlekelele emzini. Kuze kweConstantinople noma nini waphunyuka sibonga ngomkhumbi wakhe, okuyinto manje, okuyinto ayifuna ngabomvu entulekayo.

Ukugumbuqelwa Alexei III

Ngaphandle kokuhlangana cishe akazange enqabe, imikhumbi Venetian langena ethekwini iGolden Horn. Knights Army lawela eduze esigodlweni Blachernae engxenyeni enyakatho-ntshonalanga nedolobha. Isiphepho inqaba izindonga, abezinye izizwe Ukuthunjwa eziningana key imibhoshongo. Julayi 17, ngemva kwamasonto amane ekuqaleni ukuvinjezelwa ibutho Alexei III capitulated. UMbusi ngisindile futhi wachitha izinsuku zakhe zonke ekudingisweni.

Babafaka Isaka II sakhululwa yabizwa ngokuthi umbusi omusha. Nokho, maduzane nje, wangenela izinguquko zezombangazwe Crusaders. Bona bebengeneme imiphumela castling - ibutho ayizange bethola imali yakhe. Zacindezelwa izikhulu Western (kuhlanganise abaphathi umkhankaso Lyudovika De Blois futhi Boniface ka Montferrat), umbusi uMbusi WaseByzantium yesibili baba indodana Alexei, u-Alexei IV enyukela igama sobukhosi. Ngakho kuleli zwe izinyanga eziningana, ombaxambili.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuthunjwa waseConstantinople ngu abaseTurkey ngo 1453 kwaphawula ukuphela iminyaka eyinkulungwane umlando waseByzantium. Ukuthunjwa komuzi 1203rd kwakuyinto embi kangaka cha, kodwa kwaba wayengumuntu kuzalwa kabusha ehlasela lo muzi ngo 1204, ngemva kokuba lo mbuso ngesiGreki lapho okwesikhathi umane wanyamalala ibalazwe yezombusazwe waseYurophu nase-Asia.

Riot e

Ebuzwe Crusaders yesihlalo sobukhosi Alexei njengoba kungenzeka uzama ukuqoqa lemali edingekile ukuze asule nabantu ongabazi. Lapho uphelelwe imali endaweni yengcebo, waqala emikhulu impango nokuhuheka kubantu abavamile. Isimo emzini ngaphezulu kanye evuthayo ngaphezulu. Abantu bebengeneme ababusi kanye obala wazonda Latins. I Crusaders, Okwamanje, akazange ashiye Iphandle waseConstantinople ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ngezikhathi bona okujwayele namabutho enhlokodolobha, lapho abaphangi obala inkunzi amathempeli ocebile nezitolo. Ukuhaha Latins okugqugquzelwa ingcebo engakaze ibonwe: imifanekiso ezibizayo, izinto ezenzelwe of amatshe ayigugu, amagugu.

Ekuqaleni 1204 isixuku ukukhononda ka abavamile Ngabamba ukhetho lomunye umbusi. II ka-Isaka, owesaba kokugumbuqelwa, banquma ukucela usizo franc. Abantu bafunda kanjalo-ke lezi izinhlelo ngemva uhlelo sombusi wanikeza esinye sezikhulu zakhe eduze Alexei Murzufl. Izindaba ngokukhohlisa Isaka kwaholela ukuvukela besikhashana. 25 Januwari, kokubili co-umbusi (ubaba nendodana) base beneziteshi wagudluzwa. Alex IV wazama ukungena esigodlweni Crusaders yakhe esikwatini, kepha lathunjwa ekuthunjweni, babulala ngemiyalo yezikhulu lo mbusi omusha Alexey Murzufla - Alexei V. Isaka, njengoba kushiwo emibhalweni yaminyaka, ushonile ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zosizi wendodana oshonile.

Ukuwa kwe-dolobha

Revolution eConstantinople Crusaders ophoqelelwe uhlaziye izinhlelo zabo. Manje-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium elawulwa amabutho elalingelamaFilisti Latins esibi kakhulu, okwakusho ukuqedwa lwamakhosi endala izinzuzo othenjisiwe. Nokho, Knights babengasekho eside ngaphambi izivumelwano. Ngo nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, baseYurophu ephethwe ngijwayele edolobheni nengcebo yayo zeminyaka. Manje ngeke akhokhe off, futhi lokhu ukuphanga.

Emlandweni ukuthunjwa waseConstantinople ngu abaseTurkey ngo 1453, okuningi, ekwindla ka-dolobha WaseByzantium owaziwayo 1204, futhi ngemva kugadla inhlekelele umbuso ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII, sasingekho kancane yinhlekelele izakhamuzi zayo. Decoupling baba ngenakugwemeka lapho ukuba axoshe amabutho empi yenkolo baseVenice isivumelwano kwi division zensimu ngesiGreki. Lasekuqaleni injongo yomkhankaso, ukulwa amaSulumane ePalestina, kwaba ngokuphepha ukhohliwe.

Entwasahlobo ka-1204 i-Latins waqala ukuhlela ehlasela ingxenye iGolden Horn bay. abapristi bamaKatolika wathembisa uyakhulula ukuba baseYurophu ngokubamba iqhaza kulokhu kuhlasela, ukusibiza isenzo ongcwele. Ngaphambi kokufinyelela usuku kwesibhamu we ethatha waseConstantinople ngu Knights egcwele ngokucophelela moats lonke udonga ukuzivikela. April 9, bagqekeza lo muzi, kodwa ngemva kwempi olude lokubuyela ekamu yabo.

Ukuhlaselwa kuqhutshwe ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Ngo-April 12, i-yaphenduka amaphikankani Crusaders usebenzisa isitebhisi ukunciphisa wagibela phezu izindonga kanye nezinye squad wabhodloza nezivikelo zokuzivikela. Ngisho kwenzeka ezimbili futhi ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ukuthatha waseConstantinople Osmans ayikapheli kangaka ekubhujisweni izakhiwo njengoba ngemva kokulwa ne Latins. Isizathu kwaba umlilo omkhulu, elaqala le-12, futhi wabhidliza two-thirds izakhiwo zaleli dolobha.

kwesigaba Empire

laliphukile ukumelana amaGreki. Alexey V wabaleka, eziningana ngemva kwezinyanga le Latins bawuthola futhi babulawa. Apreli 13 kwasho bamba yokugcina waseConstantinople. 1453 ubhekwa ekupheleni woMbuso WaseByzantium, kodwa kwenzeka 1204 kuso uye wahlupheka igalelo okwafa kuwo abantu abaningi ezaholela Okunye ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlelo abaseTurkey.

Esikhathini lokushaya abathintekayo Crusaders angaba yizinkulungwane 20. Kwakungesona nje sibalo nesizotha eqhathaniswa izindimbane Avars, lwamaSlav, yamaPheresiya Arabhu, lapho umbuso kubonakala emzini wayo oyinhloko emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, okuthiwa i-pendulum yomlando wavuleka hhayi umusa amaGreki. Duty ukusho i izinkinga zezomnotho, zezombangazwe nezenhlalo isimo. Yingakho okokuqala emlandweni inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium wawa ubekade 1204.

Ukuthwebula waseConstantinople yi Crusaders kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka WaseByzantium uyekwa, futhi endaweni yawo entsha Latin. umbusi walo wokuqala waba ezimpi zokholo Bala we Flanders Baldwin mina, ogama ukhetho esenzeka abadumile Hagia Sophia. Isimo esisha yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni Ukwakheka odlule abakhethekileyo. izindawo Key umshini zokuphatha wathatha French izinduna.

Latin Empire yayingenamhlabathi lonke izwe waseByzantium. Baldwin futhi owamlandela, ngaphandle inhlokodolobha, waya yaseThrace, ingxenye enkulu emaphethelweni eGrisi bese eziqhingini zase-Aegean. I nomholi wezempi eMpi Yenkolo Yesine Bonifatsiy Monferratsky wathola Italian Macedonia, laseThessaly, futhi ngaphansi kwesizwe sakhe esisha embusweni umbusi waziwa ngokuthi umbuso Fesalloniki. Engumthengisi baseVenice waya Ionian Islands, Cyclades, futhi Adrianople ngisho ingxenye omkhulu waseConstantinople. Zonke izinzuzo abakhethelwa ngokusho izithakazelo zabo commercial. Ekuqaleni umkhankaso Doge Enrico Dandolo wayeya ukusungula ukulawula ukuhweba eMedithera, ekugcineni wakwazi afinyelele umgomo wakhe.

imiphumela

Isilinganiso kulendawo futhi Knights ababa nesandla emkhankasweni, wathola encane County nezinye umhlaba Holdings. Eqinisweni, ukuyohlala eByzantium, eNtshonalanga Yurophu etshalwe evamile wakhe ngoba uhlelo amakhosi asendulo. nokho Labantu ngesiGreki wendawo azishintshile. Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa nje, le Crusaders abuse ke cishe akuzange kushintshe indlela yakhe yokuphila, isiko nenkolo. Yingakho sithi lwesiLatini emanxiweni BoMbuso WaseByzantium eyathatha izizukulwane ambalwa nje.

Owabe Izicukuthwane WaseByzantium, ongazange afune ukubambisana uhulumeni omusha, wakwazi izakhe e-Asia Minor. Enhlonhlweni, kukhona uthi ezimbili ezinkulu - Trebizond futhi WaseNicaea Empire. Amandla kuzo ingeyamakhosi amakhosi ngesiGreki, kuhlanganise wagudluzwa nje kokuba eByzantium Comnenus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye ngasenyakatho okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni Latin kwamiswa umbuso Bulgarian. Reconquered ukuzimela lwamaSlav baba ikhanda sina ngoba izinduna European.

Latins amandla kwenye indawo futhi akazange abe isikhathi eside. Ngenxa feuds eziningi ukungabi nasithakazelo eYurophu eziMpini Zokholo e 1261 kwaba khona omunye bamba omkhulu waseConstantinople. imithombo Russian futhi Sasentshonalanga isikhathi fixed, amaGreki ephethwe ukuze uthole kabusha umuzi wabo kunjalo akukho ukumelana. I WaseByzantium kwabuyiselwa. EConstantinople, wazakhela lwamakhosi Palaeologus. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-cishe abangamakhulu amabili, ngo-1453 edolobheni lathunjwa WaseTurkey-Turks ke umbuso ekugcineni into yesikhathi esidlule.