Yugoslavia yahlukana yaba yini isimo? Bangaki amazwe isihlakazeka eYugoslavia

Sekuyisikhathi eside eYugoslavia kwaba ezweni abalulekile futhi ebalulekile enkundleni yomhlaba: ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe kanye umkhakha, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni izikhali, izimoto kanye nemikhiqizo chemical; ibutho elikhulu, futhi leyo mali idlula abayizinkulungwane 600 ... Kodwa yemibango yangaphakathi futhi izingxabano esahlupha lizwe ngo-90s kwekhulu elidlule yayina kakhulu futhi kwaholela yokuthi eYugoslavia behlukana. Okusho ahlukane, yazi namuhla, bonke abafundi abaphase bahlola umlando. Lena iCroatia, iSerbia neMontenegro Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina naseKosovo - amandla ngokwengxenye ayibonwa.

Ngesikhathi impande

Uma ku eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan , eYugoslavia Sasinjani isimo ngobukhulu. Abantu abahlala kula mazwe, zazinamasiko ehluke kakhulu futhi amasiko, isiko ngisho inkolo. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, zonke wahlala kwelinye izwe: amaKatolika amaKristu obu-Orthodox labo Ubhale engeskripthi isiLatini labo - e-Cyrillic.

Yugoslavia bekulokhu Lure ngoba abanqobi eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iHungary ekhulwini XII, kuye kwathonya Croatia. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina iyiswe yoMbuso WaseTurkey, izakhamuzi kwamaningi ala mazwe baphoqeleka ukuba ukuguqukela Islam. Kuphela Sekuyisikhathi eside Montenegro kube mahhala futhi azimele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amandla Turkish ayisenalo ithonya namandla, ngakho-ke, e-Austria wathatha angaphakanyiswa phezu kwendawo yakwa zaseYugoslavia ukuthi ngaphambili kwakungekaNkulunkulu abaseTurkey. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX Serbia wakwazi ukuba azalwe engomunye geqe.

Leli zwe uye wahlanganisa wonke amazwe iyona Balkan. Umbusi wezizwe, ukuze eCroatia, Slovenes nezinye izizwe zaseYugoslavia, waba yinkosi kwa-Serbia. Omunye mithi, u-Alexander I, owayehlela umbuso nokuthi wanikela Amandla igama elisha ngo-1929 - eYugoslavia, okuyinto uhumusha ngokuthi "izwe laseningizimu lwamaSlav".

I-Federal Republic of

Umlando yeYugoslavia ekhulwini XX wathatha ijamo ngokumelene isizinda izimpi zomhlaba. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II lapho sidaliwe ukunyakaza enamandla anti-undlovukayiphikiswa. AmaKhomanisi ihlelwe yabashokobezi ngomshoshaphansi. Kodwa ngemva ukunqoba uHitler, eYugoslavia ayibanga yeSoviet Union, njengoba kulindeleke. Wahlala mahhala, kodwa izwe sezenhlalo, lapho kwakukhona khona iqembu elibusayo eyodwa kuphela - wamaKhomanisi.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1946, khona-ke wazitholela umthethosisekelo, okuyinto kwasho ukudalwa entsha Federal Yabantu Republic of Yugoslavia. It yakhiwa amayunithi ezimele eziyisithupha. Serbia, Croatia, zaseMacedonia, eMontenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, kanye nesifunda ezimbili ezizimele - eKosovo futhi Vojvodina - akha amandla amasha. Yiliphi izwe yeYugoslavia waphula esikhathini esizayo? Kuyinto kulezi republic amancane yokuqala, phakathi lapho umholi bekulokhu Serbia. Izakhamuzi zalo zazikunye iqembu elikhulu yobuhlanga: cishe u-40% wayo yonke yeYugoslavia. Ngokunengqondo, namanye amalungu umfelandawonye kufana, namandla ngaphakathi ingxabano waqala nemibango.

Kusukela sokuphela

Ukushuba kwesimo phakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene - isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi eYugoslavia isihlakazeka. Yikuphi izifunda iqondiswe ukukhungatheka izimpi zabo zibonakale zinezinhloso abaholi kuvukela? Okokuqala, enyakatho-ntshonalanga eCroatia naseSlovenia, okuyinto yanda, sengathi nokuyidlalisa izinga layo eliphezulu ampofu ukuphila. Intukuthelo ukucindezeleka phakathi uquqaba lakhula. Yugoslavia saphela babheka ngokwabo, bonke basizwe sinye, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wahlala eduze kakhulu ngendlela 60 iminyaka.

Ngo-1980, wafa umholi wamaKhomanisi, Marshal Tito. Ngemva kwalokho, usihlalo we-KaHulumeni zikhethwe kabusha njalo ngonyaka ngoMeyi kusukela phakathi ukhetho oluthunyelwe republic ngamunye. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ukulingana, abantu yayisalokhu futhi benganelisekile. Kusukela ngo 1988, kakhulu saba sibi kakhulu namazinga ophilayo yato tonkhe takhamuti kukhululwe yeYugoslavia, waqala ukwehla zokukhiqiza, esikhundleni yaqhakaza wenzuzo uma elahlekelwe umsebenzi. izikhulu eziphezulu yezwe, eholwa Mikulic esikhundleni, wafuna ubukhosi egcwele Slovenia, inhliziyo ubuzwe zidabukile Kosovo ngaphandle. Le micimbi ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, futhi lokhu kwaholela yokuthi eYugoslavia behlukana. Okusho ahlukane, libonisa ibalazwe zamanje zezwe, okuyinto egqanyisiwe ngokucacile amazwe ezifana ezimele njenge Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Slobodan Milosevic

Lokhu umholi asebenzayo waqala ukubusa ngo-1988, ngesikhathi isiqongo umbango. inqubomgomo yaKhe kuqala iqondiswe ukubuyela ngaphansi ephikweni federal republic kweKosovo futhi Vojvodina. Futhi ngenkathi amaSerbia kobuzwe kula mazwe zazimbalwa, abantu abaningi ezweni lakhe asekelwe. izenzo Milosevic kuphela zaba zimbi isimo. Wayefuna ukwakha amandla onamandla Serbian noma umane zakala zombango ukuthatha isihlalo zikahulumeni afudumele, ngakho akekho owaziyo. Kodwa ekugcineni waphula eYugoslavia. ke lahlukaniswa laba kunoma isiphi isimo, ngisho namuhla izingane ezaziwayo. Umlando iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan izincwadi eyabelwe isigaba ezingaphezu kweyodwa.

Ngo-1989, umnotho kanye nezombusazwe kuleli FPRY ahlangabetane nekwehla lokukhulu okusheshayo. Ante Markovic, nondunankulu omusha, wazama ukuba afeze uchungechunge yezinguquko, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali safinyelela 1000%, izikweletu wezwe wasukuma ukuze amadola 21 bhiliyoni kwamanye amazwe. Yilokhu okwenza, Serbia yokutholwa uMthethosisekelo omusha okuyinto wayencisha ukuzimela Vojvodina naseKosovo. Slovenia, Okwamanje, yenza isivumelwano nebutho Croatia.

Ukwethulwa multi-party

Umlando yeYugoslavia njengoba isimo esisodwa ngiyinake iphela 1990. Ngaleyo minyaka, izwe namanje uzama ukulondoloza ke kusukela nciphisa: amaKhomanisi wanquma ukuhlanganyela amandla nezinye izinhlangano abaye abakhethwe kubantu ngokukhululekile futhi ngokuzimela. Intando kwenziwa ngo-1990. ICommunist Party of Milosevic yazuza share sengonyama wamavoti, kodwa mayelana bayonqoba ngokuphelele ukukhuluma kuphela Montenegro neSerbia kungenzeka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwezinye izingxenye mpikiswano esibilayo nasemihlangeni. Kosovo wamelana izinyathelo ezinzima kuthathwe wokuvimba ubuzwe Albanian. ECroatia, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia wanquma ukwenza ukuzimela lalo. Kodwa igalelo enkulu isimemezelo a ukuzimela encane Slovenian, okuyiwona bendawo ezathi inhlolovo. Ngemva kwalokho FPRY isiqala sidilike. Yiliphi izwe yeYugoslavia bahlukana? Ngaphandle Slovenia, umnyango futhi ngokushesha eMakedoniya nase Croatia ke Bosnia and Herzegovina -. Ekugcineni baba uthi ahlukene baseMontenegro neSerbia, kuze kube muva nje asekelwe ubuqotho isimo Balkan.

Impi eYugoslavia

Sekuyisikhathi eside FRNYU uhulumeni ezama ukugcina izwe kanye enamandla futhi ecebile. Amabutho athunyelwa Croatia zokuqeda izibhelu okukhulu ukuthi kukhona lwamelana ngemuva emzabalazweni sokuzibusa. Umlando nokwahlukana eYugoslavia waqala ngokunembile nge esifundeni, futhi ngisho kusukela Slovenia - republic amabili ayengoMahaloni lezi zihlubuki kuqala. Phakathi neminyaka isinyathelo sezempi, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu zabulawa lapha, amakhulu ezinkulungwane balahlekelwa amakhaya abo kuze kube phakade.

Kugcwele Landelayo zobudlova Kwagqashuka Bosnia and eKosovo. Igazi abantu abangenacala ngenxa cishe eyishumi agelezé lapha cishe nsuku zonke. Okubizwa ngokuthi iyunithi Yugoslavian isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukusika noma yikuphi elibusayo amandla noma yokugcinwa amabutho baphonse West lapha. Ngemva kwalokho, NATO kanye European Union baye elwa nawo ngokwawo Milosevic, eneka ukucekelwa yayo izakhamuzi futhi zobudlova ngokumelene iziboshwa zempi emakamu. Ngenxa yalokho, wathunyelwa yinkantolo.

Bangaki amazwe isihlakazeka eYugoslavia? Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ngxabano kumephu emhlabeni kwakhiwa esikhundleni esisodwa amandla eziyisithupha. Lena Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kukhona ukuzimela Kosovo, hhayi wonke amazwe baye baqaphela. Phakathi kwalabo wakwenza lokuqala, i-European Union ne-United States.