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Ukuzithiba ezintweni eziphilayo - ke ... Umqondo ukuzithiba kwezindleko zokuphila izinhlelo

Ukuzithiba ezintweni eziphilayo - ke ingenye izindawo ebaluleke kakhulu izinhlelo ophilayo iyona ukufakelwa nozime ezingeni elithile adingekayo ukusebenza nemingcele ezivamile. Ingqikithi yalo nqubo ukuthi akukho amathonya zangaphandle akuzona abaphathi. izici eqondisayo ukuziguqula zimiswe ngaphakathi uhlelo self-elawula, futhi kungaba nomthelela ukudalwa yakhoibrium ashukumisayo. Ezivela le nqubo ingase ibe bemvelo cyclical futhi baqhubeka lantambama njengoba ukusonga noma ukunyamalala kwemibandela ethile.

Ukuzithiba: ukubaluleka elithi yemvelo

Noma yiluphi uhlelo ephilayo, kusukela komakhalekhukhwini futhi biogeocenosis ophela, njalo obala ngaphandle yezici ezihlukahlukene. Ukushintsha kwezimo lokushisa, umswakama eqeda ukudla noma interspecies some mncintiswano - Izibonelo mass. Ngakho ukusebenza kwanoma iyiphi uhlelo incike ikhono layo ukuze silondoloze njalo imvelo yangaphakathi (homeostasis). Kwaba ukufeza umgomo onjalo, futhi kukhona ukuzithiba. Inchazelo kusho ukuthi izinguquko imvelo akuzona oqondile ukuchayeka izici. Basuke iguqulwe ibe amaza ezibangela ukungalingani ethile futhi kuholele ukwethulwa ukuzithiba izindlela ukuletha uhlelo emuva isimo esitebeleni. Ezingeni ngalinye Ngalokuhlanganisa tinchubo izici kubukeka ngokwehlukile, ngakho ukuze baqonde ukuzithiba lokho, uzivumele kabanzi.

Amazinga inhlangano eziphilayo ndaba

Isayensi yanamuhla ithobela umqondo, owawuthi zonke izinto zemvelo nezenhlalo kukhona izinhlelo. Zakhiwa izakhi ehlukile, uxhumana njalo kwezinye imithetho. Ukuhlala yetintfo ayihlukile neze ukuba lo mthetho, kunjalo futhi izinhlelo nge siqu wokwehlayo yangaphakathi kanye ne-multi-level oyiyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo ke ine isici esithakazelisayo. uhlelo ngalinye lingaba kanyekanye libe yilunga ezingeni eliphakeme futhi abe ekuhlanganisweni (isb zonke isimiso esifanayo) aphansi amazinga oda. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhuni - ugodo isici futhi uhlelo kanyekanye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Ukuze ugweme ukudideka, eziphilayo ngokuvamile kubhekwa amazinga amane eziyisisekelo inhlangano eziphilayo:

  • Ufuzo Yamamolekhula;
  • ontogenetic (organismal - isitokisi abantu);
  • labantu-zinhlobo;
  • biogeocenotic (yemvelo ezingeni).

amasu ukuzithiba

Izinqubo ezenzeka ngasinye kulezi ezingenhla amazinga bheka isikali ehlukene, umthombo wamandla kanye nemiphumela yayo, kodwa ezifanayo ngokwemvelo. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo bangabantu izindlela ezifanayo ukuzithiba izinhlelo. Okokuqala, it is a indlela impendulo. Itholakala izinhlobo ezimbili: emihle nemibi. Khumbula ukuthi ukuxhumana ngqo kuhilela ukudluliselwa kolwazi komunye ingxenye uhlelo kwenye, ukubuyela emuva ageleza kolunye uhlangothi, kusukela lesibili nelokuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi yena nabanye kushintsha isimo ingxenye eyamukelayo.

okubuyayo kuholela yokuthi izinqubo, okuyinto wokuqala owabikwa umbandela wesibili, fixed kanye siqhubeke kwenziwe. A inqubo efanayo buwumsuka yanoma yimuphi ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka. Isici sesibili njalo uphawu lokuqala ku isidingo ukuqhubeka inqubo efanayo. Lapho lesi simiso kuyaphazamiseka ukuzinza.

The main indlela

Ngamanye usebenza le impendulo engeyinhle. It kuholela ukuvela izinguquko ezintsha, lapho element lokuqala yesibili kubika okuphambene. Ngenxa yalokho, iqedwe bese sivala izinqubo, ziphazamisa yakhoibrium, futhi uhlelo iba ezinzile futhi. A elula Isifaniso - umsebenzi yensimbi: izinga lokushisa Kutholwe iyisiginali ngoba kokucima Ukushisa isici. impendulo engeyinhle oluyisisekelo zonke izinqubo ehilelekile ekunakekeleni homeostasis.

banzi

Ukuzithiba ezintweni eziphilayo - inqubo bubhekwa zonke lezi amazinga. Inhloso yayo - ukuze alondoloze ibhalansi othakazelisayo imvelo yangaphakathi. Ngenxa sokufaka yenqubo esikhungweni izigaba eziningi kangaka isayensi yemvelo ukuzithiba. Ngo biology, lokhu Cytology, izitho zomzimba, izilwane nezitshalo ngemvelo. Ngamunye eyala abathintekayo ezingeni ngabanye. Cabanga ukuthi ukuzithiba okunjalo, emazingeni oyinhloko yenhlangano zokuphila.

ezingeni intracellular

Engqamuzaneni ngalinye ukuze balinganisele kwemvelo lokusimeme sangaphakathi izindlela amakhemikhali ngokuyinhloko asetshenziswa. Phakathi kwabo elibalulekile kwezokwelapha ukulawulwa izakhi zofuzo zifeza ukulawula lapho kuncike ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana amaprotheni.

Imvelo eyindilinga ka izinqubo kalula kubonakala ukuphela enzymatic uchungechunge imikhiqizo becindezela. Injongo imisebenzi yalemitimba e ukucutshungulwa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ku lula. Kulokhu okwaphuma lapho kuyilo ezifanayo isakhiwo enzyme kuqala iketanga. Le mpahla kunendima eyinhloko ekugcineni homeostasis. Umkhiqizo sibopha ukuthi enzyme futhi kuvimbela umsebenzi wayo ngenxa izinguquko eqinile kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngemva esingeqile lokuhlushwa ezilinganiselwe izidakamizwa ezingeni kuvunyelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, eyeka inqubo ukuvutshelwa futhi umkhiqizo eseqedile isetshenziswa iseli izidingo zalo siqu. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lizinga impahla lize liba ngaphansi kwe ukubaluleka kuvunyelwe. Lena isignali ukuqala ukuvutshelwa: amaprotheni ixhumeke kumsindo enzyme okusithiyayo inqubo uyama futhi iqala lonke futhi.

eyinkimbinkimbi okwandisa

Ukuzithiba ngokwemvelo Njalo nje isuke isekelwe esimisweni ngempendulo futhi ngokuvamile yenzeka lwesigameko efanayo. Nokho, ngamunye ezingeni elilandelayo, kukhona izinto ukuthi izinkinga inqubo. Ukuze amaseli ukuqinisela ebalulekile imvelo yangaphakathi, ekugcineni ukubaluleka ezithile lokuhlushwa izinto ezahlukene. Ezingeni esilandelayo inqubo ukuzithiba yakhelwe ukuze uxazulule izinkinga okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kukhona izinhlelo lonke ukuthi ukusekela homeostasis. Lokhu umgudu wokuphefumula, ukwabiwa, ukuzungeza nokunye okunjalo. Ucwaningo we ukuvela yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene kwenza kalula kucace ukuthi njengoba yinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo kanye imvelo bangaphandle yokuthuthukisa izindlela ukuzithiba.

organismal ezingeni

Kungcono njalo imvelo yangaphakathi siyagcinwa isilwane. Asisekelo sekutfutfukisa ukuzithiba kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo - kuyinto sezinzwa futhi humoral uhlelo. Ilokhu uxhumana, ilawula izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni, ukutlama kanye nokugcinwa yakhoibrium ashukumisayo. Ubuchopho uthola zimpawu kusuka izinzwa ekhona emzimbeni ngamunye. Lolu lwazi futhi ukuqongelela kusukela nezindlala endocrine. Ubudlelwano we isiqondiso sezinzwa namangqamuzana kunomthelela ngokuvamile rearrangement cishe leso sikhathi of izinqubo.

impendulo

ukusebenza kungabonakala ekulondolozeni wegazi. Zonke izinguquko kule inkomba uthwebule receptor ethize esisogwini imithambo yegazi. Ukwenyuka noma ukwehla ingcindezi kuthinta isimo esishubile izindonga capillary, emithanjeni yegazi. Kwakungenxa kulezi zinguquko bese wenza okudingeka ukwenze receptor. Isignali idluliselwa ku isikhungo semithambo, futhi ukusuka lapho uqhubeke "isibonakaliso" kanjani ukulungisa ithoni izitsha inhliziyo. Axhunyiwe uhlelo wesi neurohumoral. Ngenxa yalokho, ingcindezi ubuyela evamile. Kulula uqaphele ukuthi ngesisekelo ukusebenzisana isiqondiso uhlelo Usenguyena impendulo mshini.

Ehola zonke

Ukuzithiba, kwencazelo izinguquko ezithile ukuze imisebenzi umzimba, esitholakala yonke izinguquko emzimbeni, ukusabela yayo ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle. Ukucindezeleka umphumela nokucindezeleka njalo kungaholela hypertrophy kwezitho ezithile. Izibonelo zalokhu athuthukile imisipha umsubathi nokukhanya Awe-Freediving abathanda. Ukuchayeka ukucindezeleka ngokuvamile kuyisifo. Hypertrophy wenhliziyo - into njalo kubantu kwathiwa unesifo ukukhuluphala. Lena ukusabela komzimba ukuze isidingo ukwandisa umthwalo ukuze uzotshala igazi.

ukuzithiba izindlela alala ngesisekelo izimpendulo bokuphila ukuthi zenzeka lapho bethukile. Njengoba igazi ziphonswe nenani elikhulu adrenaline-hormone okuthiwa i kubangela izinguquko eziningi: ukwanda-mpilo ukusetshenziswa, ukwandisa inani glucose, kukhuphuke kwenhliziyo ukugqugquzela uhlelo zemisipha. Ibhalansi Imininingwane inakekelwa ngenxa sokukhokhwa umsebenzi nezinye izingxenye, kubamba ukugaya, ikhaliphe ngokobulili zinyamalale.

zilingana ashukumisayo

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi homeostasis, nganoma yimuphi ezingeni kungase zigcinwe, akukho okuphelele. Zonke kwemigomo imvelo yangaphakathi zigcinwe ngaphakathi isikhawu ezithile amagugu kanye njalo ziyaguquguquka. Ngakho-ke, ukukhuluma mayelana yakhoibrium okuguquguqukayo ohlelweni. Kubalulekile lapha ukubaluleka ipharamitha ethile akayi phesheya okuthiwa ephasishi iyehla iyenyuka, kungenjalo inqubo bangaba sokugembula.

Ukusimama futhi ukuzithiba ecosystem

Biogeocoenosis (ecosystem) siqukethe izakhiwo ezimbili oxhumene: biocenosis futhi biotope. Eyokuqala limelela isiqalo nesigcino izidalwa eziphila kwendawo. Biotope - zezici nezingaphili imvelo lapho biocenosis uhlala. zezemvelo, njalo ezithinta eziphilayo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

  • abiotic yizici zemvelo: lokushisa, ukukhanya, umswakama kanye nezinye izakhi bemvelo ezingaphili;
  • biotic yizici zemvelo: umthelela umzimba omunye komunye, ahlukaniswe mncintiswano, Symbiosis, parasitism futhi predation;
  • izici yabantu kwemvelo - ukuchayeka abantu.

Nokugcina kusho inhlalakahle homeostasis eziphilayo endaweni njalo yangaphandle nokushintsha izici yangaphakathi. Biogeocoenosis isekela ukuzithiba Ngokuyinhloko uhlelo izixhumanisi trophic. Ziyakwazi neketanga kuqhathaniswa avaliwe ngawo amandla ageleza. Abakhiqizi (izitshalo futhi hemobakterii) abathola khona ukusuka elangeni noma zamakhemikhali, ukudala nalo udaba eziphilayo ukuthi kukhona consuments zinikwa (ezidla uhlaza, carnivores, omnivores) Ama-oda eziningana ezihlanganisa. decomposers ngaso esigabeni lokugcina lomjikelezo (ama-bacterium, nezinye izinhlobo worm) ukuthi ukubola udaba eziphilayo zibe izakhi zalo ephambili. Bona kanye waphinde wangena ohlelweni ngesimo ukudla abakhiqizi.

I ukuqinisela lomjikelezo kuqinisekiswa yokuthi izilwane eziningana yezinto eziphilayo mihle kuwo wonke amazinga. Ngezinye ukulahlekelwa uchungechunge ezinye zazo esikhundleni at efanayo nemisebenzi yabo.

isinyathelo yangaphandle

Ukulondoloza homeostasis kuhambisana ukuchayeka njalo ngaphandle. Ukushintsha emhlabeni izimo ecosystem kuholele isidingo ulungise izinqubo zangaphakathi. Thola zindlela eziningana nokusimama:

  • High futhi olinganiselayo ezingaba okuzala ka ngamunye;
  • ngabanye eziphilayo lithathelwe ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo;
  • zinhlobo ukwehluka namaketanga ukudla branched.

Lezi zimo ezintathu yilezi kunikela nokugcinwa semvelo esimweni yakhoibrium ashukumisayo. Ngakho, ukuzithiba biogeocoenose ezingeni eziphilayo - kabusha izilwane, kulondolozwe labantu futhi yizici zemvelo ukuzinza. Ngakho, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-umzimba ngamanye, ibhalansi isistimu ingakwazi ibe engenamingcele.

Umqondo ukuzithiba amasistimu ophilayo ihambisa echazwe amaphethini kanye emiphakathini abantu kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Kabanzi izimiso zalo kanye psychology. Eqinisweni, le ingenye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eyisisekelo isayensi yesimanje.

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