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Ukwahlukanisa nensimbi Alloys
Ngo umkhakha lanamuhla isebenzisa omningi impahla. Plastics futhi inhlanganisela, graphite kanye nezinye izinto ... Kodwa metal njalo efanele. Ngoba kwenza ezakhiwe giant, isetshenziswa ukudala ezihlukahlukene imishini kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza.
Inchazelo jikelele
Izinsimbi abizwa ngokuthi izinto ezilula okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zinezikhathi izici eziningana esiwuphawu: okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity ezishisayo kanye kagesi, kanye ductility. Plastic. In the state okuqinile ke libhekene crystal isakhiwo ezingeni le-athomu, futhi babe high amandla izici. Kodwa kukhona Alloys okuyizinto nemikhiqizo yabo. Kuyini lokhu?
Ngakho ngokuthi izinto ethathwe izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ngokubeka amalahle phezu lokuncibilika. Qaphela ukuthi kukhona insimbi non-metal Alloys. Esimweni sokuqala, ukwakheka kumele okungenani ibe namagama angu- 50% metal.
Nokho, thina ngeke siphazanyiswe kusuka sihloko izihloko. Ngakho, hlobo luni metal kuyinto ngezigaba? Ngokuvamile, ulwahlukanise kahle elula:
- Idoyelo izinsimbi.
- izinsimbi Nonferrous.
Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa zonke yensimbi kanye Alloys yayo. Zonke ezinye izinsimbi Nokho kukhona anemibala, njengoba compounds zabo. esigabeni ngasinye kufanele icatshangelwe kabanzi: naphezu isidina kakhulu ngezigaba jikelele, wona empeleni eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi uma sikhumbula ukuthi kukhona amatshe ayigugu ... Futhi, futhi, zihlukile. Nokho, ngezigaba of amatshe ayigugu ngisho lula. Sekukonke kukhona abayisishiyagalombili: igolide, isiliva, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, futhi steel, futhi Iridium. I eyigugu kakhulu kukhona insimbi ye-platinum iqembu.
Eqinisweni, ngezigaba of amatshe ayigugu futhi kuyisicefe. Ngakho ngokuthi (ubucwebe) ziyafana esiliva, igolide ne-platinum. Kodwa okwanele "izindaba okusezingeni eliphezulu". Sekuyisikhathi ukhulume izinto ezivamile kakhudlwana futhi chassis.
Thina siqale ekuhlaziyeni emabangeni ahlukene steel, okuyinto nje lowo esuselwe ukusebenza black metal - yensimbi.
Kuyini steel?
Kuvele ingxubevange zensimbi izithasiselo ezithile, equkethe bengekho ngaphezu kwama-2.14% carbon-atomic clock. Ukwahlukaniswa lezi zinto lisabalele kakhulu, futhi uyakucabangela: ukwakheka kanye ukukhiqizwa izindlela kwamakhemikhali, khona noma ukungabi khona ukungcola umonakala, kanye nesakhiwo. Nokho, isici esibaluleke kunazo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, njengoba kuthinta umkhiqizo futhi igama steel.
zinhlobo carbon
Lezi izinto ngokuvamile banesikhathi dopants, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bumbela yabo inikeza eziningi nezinye ukungcola (ngokuvamisile, manganese). Kusukela okuqukethwe kwalezi izinto ungaphakathi uhla 0.8-1%, noma iliphi ithonya phezu izakhiwo amandla, mechanical futhi amakhemikhali we steel, abanayo. Lesi sigaba isetshenziswa ukwakhiwa nokukhiqizwa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene. Yiqiniso, insimbi kulesi ngezigaba ayikapheli.
Bezakhiwe carbon steel
kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ahlukahlukene ngenhloso zezimboni, yamasosha noma zasekhaya, kodwa ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa i-ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi kanye izindlela. Kulokhu, okuqukethwe carbon noma kunjalo kumele singeqi 0.5-0.6%. Kufanele ube ne-amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, okuyinto kunqunywa wonke kweqoqo eqinisekisiwe ngamazwe test ejenti (Rm, σ0,2, δ, ψ, KCU, HB, HRC). Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama:
- Ordinary.
- Ikhwalithi.
Njengoba lezi zokwakha, ukugqwala we metal kungenzeka phezu. Ukwahlukaniswa nezinye izinhlobo steel ohlinzekela nezimfuneko ezibophayo kakhulu kubo.
Ithuluzi carbon steel
Ububanzi yabo - ngokunemba ubunjiniyela, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane namathuluzi emkhakheni wezesayensi, nemithi, kanye nezinye izimboni okudinga anda amandla nokunemba. Bona okuqukethwe carbon zingaba phakathi 0.7 1.5%. Okubalulekile okunjalo kumelwe ube namandla eliphezulu kakhulu, kube ukumelana ukugqoka izinto okushisa ekugcineni okusezingeni eliphezulu.
lezinsimbi elixutshiwe
Ngakho ngokuthi izinto okuyinto, ngaphezu ukungcola zemvelo equkethwe imali ethe dopants kufanele kungezwe eyayenziwe. Lezi zihlanganisa i-chromium, ne-nickel, molybdenum. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezinsimbi ingxubevange kungaba futhi manganese ne-silicon okuqukethwe okuyinto evame kakhulu hhayi ningi than 0.8-1.2%.
Kulokhu, Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu metal eqala division yayo ku ezimbili:
- Lezinsimbi nge okuqukethwe ongaphakeme kwezithako. Isiphetho siwukuthi, abo is hhayi ningi than 2.5%.
- Doped. Kulezi izithasiselo okungenzeka kube kusuka 2.5 kuya ku-10%.
- Izinto nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu izithasiselo (kuka 10%).
Lezi zinhlobo nazo ihlukaniswe zenyathi, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni odlule.
steel elixutshiwe kwesakhiwo
Njengazo zonke nezinye izinhlobo, kabanzi ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye izakhiwo, kanye umkhakha. Uma siqhathanisa nabo zinhlobo carbonaceous ke izinto ezifana bazuze isilinganiso amandla izakhiwo, plasticity futhi viscosity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu kakhulu ukumelana okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Kulawa, wenze amabhuloho, izindiza, imicibisholo, ephezulu ukucacisa amathuluzi for embonini.
Ingxubevange ithuluzi lensimbi
Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo izici zifana kakhulu uhlobo okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Zingasetshenziswa ngezinhloso ezilandelayo:
- Ukukhiqizwa yokwehlisa kanye ephezulu ukucacisa sokulinganisa zomculo kanye namathuluzi. Ikakhulukazi, le nto ikhiqizwa lathe metal amathuluzi, okuyinto incike ngezigaba yilezi: kuyadingeka maka libhalwe umkhiqizo.
- Kodwa kwakukhona abanye kubo ukwenza kufa ngoba kubanda futhi kushisa iphuma.
Ingxubevange lezinsimbi, injongo ekhethekile
Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, lokhu okubalulekile babe ezinye izici ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona ukushisa ukumelana nezinhlobo ukushisa ukumelana, nazo zonke insimbi engagqwali ezaziwayo. Ngakho, kwenkululeko isicelo sabo kuhilela ukukhiqizwa imishini namathuluzi, ukuthi izosebenza ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu: injini ophephela, esithandweni somlilo yokuncibilikisa insimbi, njll ..
steel ukwakhiwa
Steel nge-carbon okuqukethwe isilinganiso. Isetshenziselwa kukhiqizwe ehlukahlukene yasakazwa zokwakha ezahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, kungenxa yokuthi benza amaphrofayli (profiled futhi uthayela), amapayipi, engeli, nokunye. D. Ngokusobala, kukhethwa isigaba esithile metal uyinaka izici kwensimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangaphambi ukwakhiwa zonke izici kubalwa ngokuphindaphindiwe isibonelo onobuhle zezibalo, ngakho ukuthi ezimweni eziningi uhlobo oluthile yokuqasha zingenziwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zamakhasimende ngamunye.
steel yokugcizelela
Njengoba uqagele, umgamu wawo - yokugcizelela emabhuloki bese prefabricated ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu. Ziyidedele ngesimo izinduku noma izintambo ngenhloso ububanzi emikhulu. Indaba noma i-carbon, noma ngensimbi nge okuqukethwe eliphansi alloying izithasiselo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama:
- Hot iphuma.
- Thermally bese athutha nakakhulu.
kubhayela steel
Isetshenziswa ukwenziwa boilers futhi amasilinda, kanye nezinye izitsha kanye nokufakwa kwayo, okuyizinto ukusebenza ezimweni ephezulu ingcindezi at okushisa ahlukene. I ukushuba we izingcezu kulesi simo ingahluka 4 160 mm.
lezinsimbi
Zinjalo izinto isamukele yokwelapha by ahlabayo yabo. Futhi ifa processability okusezingeni eliphezulu. Konke lokhu kwenza le steel ekahle ezenzakalelayo zokukhiqiza imigqa, okuyinto beba more and njalo ngonyaka.
steel Ukunikeza
Lezi zinhlobo uhlobo ezihlobene izinhlobo kwesakhiwo, kodwa ukwakheka kwabo kubenza ithuluzi. Sinenkosi okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla izici nokuzabalazela ezinkulukazi ukugqoka (ukuhuzuka).
Sinazo izakhiwo eziyisisekelo kanye ngezigaba of izinsimbi kuleli kilasi. Isinyathelo esilandelayo - ngisho yabalingisi kuvamile begodu owaziwa.
Sakaza yensimbi: ngezigaba kanye izakhiwo
Ngakho ngokuthi ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala kuyinto ingxubevange zensimbi carbon (namanye izithasiselo), lapho okuqukethwe C zokhahlamba kusuka 2.14 kuya 6,67%. Iron kunensimbi, zihlukaniswa chemical yabo ukwakheka, izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nenani ambalwa carbon ezikuyo, kanye izindawo isicelo e umkhakha nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Uma insimbi hhayi okufakiwe, ibizwa ngokuthi undoped. Kungenjalo - doped.
Ukwahlukanisa injongo
- Kukhona imikhawulo, okuyinto cishe njalo isetshenziselwa ngokucubungula okwalandela ku steel.
- Foundry izinhlobo ezisetshenziselwa ekubunjweni imikhiqizo ukumisa ahlukahlukene futhi eyinkimbinkimbi.
- Special, by Isifaniso nge lezinsimbi.
Ukwahlukanisa ngohlobo izithasiselo chemical
Njengoba okuqukethwe carbon izinhlobo ezahlukene impahla kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi ukuhlukanisa eziningana izinhlobo zayo:
- White cast iron. Libhekene yokuthi carbon e oyiyo ixhunyaniswe cishe ngokuphelele, ngokuba lapho carbides ahlukahlukene. Its lula kakhulu ukuhlukanisa: ku ikhefu nguye mhlophe futhi ucwebezela, elinesimo ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ayebuthakathaka kakhulu, ngobukhulu ubunzima kumshini.
- Isigamu bleached. Ezingqimbeni engenhla thusi izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka elimhlophe cast iron, kuyilapho enkabeni yalo - grey eliqukethe e oyiyo semali graphite khulula. Ngokujwayelekile, ihlanganisa izici zombili izinhlobo. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu, eliqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuba lula kakhulu ukuba inqubo, kanye fragility we isimo ngcono kakhulu.
- Elimpunga. Iqukethe e ngezithako zawo eziningi graphite. Ezimangelengele, okuhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele, iphathwa kahle.
Asazi ngephutha ayigcizelela ye-graphite. Iqiniso lokuthi kokuqukethwe kwayo isakhiwo kwezendawo ngezigaba kuncike izinsimbi kanye Alloys esimweni esithile. Kuye kulezi zici, bahlukene zibe pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic futhi ferritic.
Graphite ngokwayo kulezi zinhlobo cast iron kungaba khona amafomu ezine ezahlukene:
- Lapho enikeza amapuleti kanye "amacembe" ukuthi libhekisela izinhlobonhlobo leaf.
- Uma into oyifundayo iqukethe inclusions, okuyinto ngokubukeka zifane izimpethu, kuba umbuzo ohlangene graphite yensimbi.
- Ngakho, ezihlukahlukene flat, ukufakwa engalingani bathi phambi kwakho - uhlobo olungaqinile.
- , Izakhi eyisiyingi hemispherical elichaza umumo eyindilinga.
Kodwa kulokhu, Ukwahlukaniswa izinsimbi kanye Alloys asikapheli! Iqiniso lokuthi la ukungcola, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwabonakala kuyinqaba kungase kubonakale, nethonya eliqondile ekuqineni into. Ngakho, kuye ngokuthi ukuma nesikhundla kwezendawo inclusions, waphonsa ezinsimbini zihlukaniswa kule mikhakha elandelayo:
- Uma into oyifundayo iqukethe inclusions ka izinhlayiya zeqhwa-graphite, kuvamise grey cast iron (MF).
- Ngu Isifaniso ngesihloko "okufakiwe", khona ohlangene particulate impahla libhekene vermicular (ohlangene graphite yensimbi).
- I olungaqinile yakhiwa zokuhlanganisa yensimbi ductile (CN).
- Eyisiyingi "excipient" uchaza yensimbi ductile (hf).
Ukusingathwa - inzuzo!
Futhi uma kukhona abanye uhlobo Ukwahlukaniswa Scrap ayoni? Phela, zonke izigidi unyaka amathani blade uya ezihlukahlukene izinto. Ingabe baya ngobuningi ukuze sikhungo ngaphandle kokudabula iyiphi culling nokuhlela? Lutho neze. Ubude ukuhlukanisa izigaba eziyisishiyagalolunye:
- 3A. Standard imfucuza black metal, kuhlanganise jikelele, izingcezu ezinkulu ikakhulukazi. Isisindo moiety ngamunye - hhayi engaphansi kilogram. Njengomthetho, ukushuba we izingcezu amamilimitha angu hhayi engaphezu kweyisithupha.
- 5A. Kulokhu, lo Scrap oversized. I ukushuba we izicucu - amamilimitha angu engaphezu kweyisithupha.
- 12A. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ingxube ngenhla echazwe we izinhlobo ezimbili.
- 17a. Zensimbi, ntathu. Isisindo ucezu ngalunye - hhayi esingaphansi iphawundi, kodwa hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-20 kg.
- 19A. Ngokufana isigaba odlule, kodwa oversized imfucuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye kuvunyelwe phosphorus okuqukethwe into.
- 20a. Zensimbi, isigaba oversized kakhulu. Ivunyelwe izingcezu ezinhlanu amathani isisindo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhlanganisa adiliza, empini imishini industrial nezempi. Njengoba ubona, ngezigaba kanye izakhiwo izinsimbi kulesi sigaba kuyinto kwetfulwe efanayo.
- 22a. Nalapha oversized zensimbi. Umehluko itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kuleli cala libhekisela imikhakha imfucuza futhi kokuphila ukwesulwa amapayipi zalapho.
- Hlanganisa. Scrap ezixutshiwe. Okubalulekile! Akuvunyelwe okuqukethwe uhlobo elandelayo: izindophi steel futhi izintambo zensimbi, futhi izingxenye lashukumisa.
- Galvanizing. Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke Scrap, ezazihlanganisa izingcezwana kuthiwa lashukumisa.
Kwaba njalo ngezigaba izinsimbi ayoni. Futhi manje sizobe xoxani nabo amakhaladi "nozakwethu" ukuthi adlale indima enkulu kuzo zonke umkhakha yesimanje kanye nokukhiqiza.
izinsimbi non-ayoni
Ngakho sikubiza zonke ezinye izinto ezine-isakhiwo athomu metal, kodwa ezihlobene yensimbi nemikhiqizo yalo. Esikhathini ezincwadini zesayensi igama elithi "isizinda nonferrous", okuyinto umqondo lahlotshaniswa. Yini Ukwahlukaniswa izinsimbi non-ayoni?
Kukhona amaqembu elandelayo, okuyinto ahlukaniselwe ngemibandela eziningana: ukukhanya futhi esindayo, ihloniphekile ehlakazekele refractory, enemisebe futhi zezinyoni ezingavamile. Eziningi zalezi izinsimbi non-ayoni ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa njengoba ezingavamile, njengoba inani yabo emhlabeni incane.
Qaphela ukuthi bahluke ngezigaba of izinsimbi ezisindayo. Nokho, akukho njengoba enjalo, kodwa leli qembu zihlanganisa ithusi, nickel, ayibe, ne-zinc, cadmium, mercury nomthofu. Kulaba bafundi, Cu futhi Zn isetshenziswa ngezinga ezimbonini, okuzokwenziwa abashiwo kamuva.
Aluminium futhi Alloys yayo
Aluminium, "metal ezinamaphiko". Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ke (kuncike degree of msulwa chemical)
- Izinga eliphakeme (ubumsulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu) (99.999%).
- ubumsulwa okuphezulu.
- isampula Technical.
Uhlobo wesibili ekhona emakethe ngesimo amashidi, amaphrofayli ahlukahlukene futhi izintambo nge ezahlukene cross-section. Designated ekuhwebeni njengoba AD0 futhi AD1. Qaphela ukuthi ngisho okusezingeni eliphezulu aluminium isampula ngokuvamile iqukethe inclusions Fe, Si, Gu, MN, Zn.
Alloys
Uyini Ukwahlukaniswa izinsimbi non-ayoni kuleli cala? Ngomqondo onabile, lutho nzima. kukhona:
- Duralumin.
- Aviano.
Ngokuthi duralumin Alloys, okuyinto kunezelwa yethusi magnesium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinto, lapho i okufakiwe isetshenziswa yethusi magnesium. Avial futhi ngokuthi Alloys, kodwa eziqukethe izithasiselo okuningi. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko magnesium ne-silicon kanye iron, ithusi, futhi ngisho titanium.
Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo udaba lapho uhlola ngokuningiliziwe izinto isayensi. Ukwahlukanisa kwensimbi ku aluminium kanye namafomu yayo akugcini lapho.
ithusi
Namuhla ukuhlukanisa zethusi anoxic (okumsulwa izidakamizwa okuqukethwe 97,97%) kanye okumsulwa kakhulu, cleaner (99.99%). Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi non-ayoni, izakhiwo mechanical futhi amakhemikhali zethusi kuyinto elinamandla kakhulu ngisho ukungcola ezincane kunazo zonke ezinye izithasiselo.
Alloys
Basuke ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu. Lezi izinto, by the way, abantu abawaziyo Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka:
- Brass. Ngakho ngokuthi zethusi kwakwakhe ne-zinc.
- Bronze. ingxubevange yethusi, okuhlanganisa i-zinc eside, futhi ithini. Nokho, kukhona lethusi, lapho kukhona kuze kube izithasiselo eziyishumi.
Titan
Metal lokhu ezingavamile futhi kuyabiza kakhulu. It has a isisindo ongaphakeme, kwanginika amandla amakhulu, viscosity ongaphakeme. Inothi ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana: VT1-00 (kule ukungcola impahla ≤ 0,10%), BT1-0 (okufakiwe lemali ≤ 0,30%). Uma isamba ukungcola ≤ 0.093%, ke ukwaziswa okunjalo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza titanium ngokuthi iodide.
titanium Alloys
Alloys kwale nto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: eqondile futhi deformable. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umahluko olukhethekile subtypes: refractory, kukhuphuke ductility. Kukhona ukuqina okwengeziwe futhi eyenza lukhuni zinhlobo (kuncike ukwelashwa ukushisa).
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