Ductile yensimbi: izakhiwo, mshini futhi ububanzi

Iron - kanzima, ukugqwala nemithi, kodwa ethambile yensimbi-carbon ingxubevange nge wokuqukethwe carbon C ku uhla kusuka 2.14 kuya 6,67%. Naphezu khona inkinga ethize, it has a Tinhlobo, izakhiwo, izicelo. Kabanzi kuyinto ductile cast iron.

indaba

Lokhu kwaziswa yaziwa kusukela BC IV leminyaka. e. Zona kanye izimpande zakhe AmaShayina angabantu ku VI. BC. e. EYurophu, kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of ingxubevange ezangesikhathi XIV, kanti eRussia - XVI leminyaka. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa ductile insimbi lobunikazi eRussia ngekhulu XIX. Ngemva ukuthuthukiswa AD Annosovym.

Kusukela ezinsimbini grey kulinganiselwe ukusetshenziswa ngenxa ongaphakeme izakhiwo mechanical, futhi steel - ezibizayo futhi ube ubulukhuni ongaphakeme futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, kwaphakama umbuzo metal udala amandla okuthembekile, okuhlala, okuqinile, kuyilapho njengoba senyuse izinga kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ezithile.

bensimbi Nokho akuzona, ngenxa izici le plastic, kungumqondo ikufanele ezinye izinhlobo zokusebenza plastic (isib ekwakheni).

ukukhiqizwa

Indlela eyinhloko - sokuncibilikisa e kuqhuma amaziko.

Yokuqala izinto ukubhekisiswa kuqhuma:

• Charge - nsimbi equkethe oxide metal efomini Ferum.
• Izibaseli - igesi yemvelo kanye coke.
• Oxygen - is injected ngokusebenzisa nesijula ekhethekile.
• Fluxes - chemical ukwakheka ngesisekelo manganese futhi (noma) Silica.

Izigaba kuqhuma esithandweni:

1. Yokutakula yensimbi emhlophe ngokunikhumbuza ukusabela amakhemikhali nsimbi zihlangana nomoya-mpilo enikeziwe ngokusebenzisa tuyeres.
2. Amandla omlilo of coke kwetinhlavu kanye carbon oxides.
3. Carburizing Okumsulwa yensimbi ukusabela nge CO CO _2.
4. Gcwalisa isikhala of Fe ₃ C manganese ne-silicon kuncike izakhiwo oyifunayo nomkhiqizo.
5. Nkinga kwensimbi eqeda ku isikhunta ngokusebenzisa taphole; nkinga slag ngokusebenzisa imbobo slag empompini.

Lapho beqeda yokusebenza umjikelezo kuqhuma esithandweni etholwe yensimbi, slag bese kuthi amagesi flue.

imikhiqizo Metal yokukhiqiza wesizinda

Kuye izinga lwaluyophola, microstructure we ukugcwaliswa carbon futhi izithasiselo okungenzeka zithole izinhlobo eziningana yensimbi:

1. Pig (omhlophe) carbon ifomu isibiyeli, usimende eyinhloko. Isetshenziswa njengesici impahla eluhlaza for the sokuncibilikisa nezinye yensimbi-carbon Alloys ukucubungula. Ku-80% we ekhiqizwa ingxubevange domain.
2. Foundry (grey) carbon ngesimo ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye khulula graphite, okungukuthi amapuleti alo. Malootvetstvennyh esetshenziswa ukwenziwa ngezitho zomzimba. Kufika 19% ezivezwa thusi kuqhuma esithandweni.
3. ferroalloys ocebile: Special. 1-2% uhlobo ukukhiqizwa kubhekwe.

Ductile yensimbi lalungiselela ukwelashwa ukushisa yengulube.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela yensimbi-izakhiwo

Carbon nge Ferum ungakheka ngezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene Alloys ngokuba crystal ngehele uhlobo njengoba kukhonjisiwe kulesibonelo samuntu microstructure.

1. Penetration e okuqinile isixazululo α-yensimbi - ferrite.
2. Penetration e okuqinile isixazululo γ Iron - austenite.
3. I chemical ukwakheka Fe ₃ C (isimo nakanjani) - cementite. Kumiswa eyinhloko ngu Ukupholisa okusheshayo ketshezi esibunjiweyo. Secondary - kancane lokushisa ukwehla kusukela austenite. Zemfundo ephakeme - Ukupholisa ngomoya kancane kancane ferrite.
4. ingxube Mechanical okusanhlamvu ferrite futhi cementite - Perlite.
5. ingxube Mechanical okusanhlamvu austenite futhi pearlite noma cementite - Ledebur.

Ukuze yensimbi yabalingisi elinesimo microstructure ekhethekile. I-graphite kungaba ngesimo futhi ifomu eholela isakhiwo ngenhla, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi esimweni khulula ngesimo ukungcola ahlukahlukene. On the izakhiwo abathintekayo kokubili okusanhlamvu eziyisisekelo, futhi lezi zokwakheka. Graphite amafraktjhini kukhona izingcwecwe zensimbi ezilula, ishq noma sphere.

Ukuma leaf kuyinto ejwayelekile grey yensimbi-carbon Alloys. Kubangela fragility yabo futhi kungathembeki.

Inclusions kukhona Fluffy ductile nokusansimbi kunenyama nomphumela omuhle ukusebenza yabo mechanical.

I eyindilinga graphite isakhiwo okwengeziwe ezithuthukisa metal, ezithinta ukwanda ubulukhuni, ukuqina, ukukhuthazela imithwalo abalulekile. Lezo zici buyimfanelo enamandla okusezingeni eliphezulu yensimbi inkatho. Ductile yensimbi izakhiwo nezimbangela zayo ferrite noma pearlite izisekelo khona izinhlayiya zeqhwa graphite inclusions.

Ulungiselela ferritic yensimbi ductile

It ikhiqizwa ingulube ezimhlophe proeutectoid ongaphakeme-carbon ingxubevange ingots ngu annealing ne-carbon okuqukethwe 2.4-2.8% kanye khona esihambelanayo izithasiselo (MN, Si, S, P). Udonga ukujiya izingxenye annealed akumelwe ibe ngaphezulu kuka-5 cm. Castings eside ukujiya graphite kuyinto ngesimo amapuleti kanye izakhiwo oyifunayo kungukuthi izuzwe.

Ukuze uthole cast iron ne ferritic metal isizinda ibekwe emabhokisini ekhethekile futhi uthele esihlabathini. Uvalwe esitsheni uphawu yafakwa esithandweni bafudumale. Feza izinyathelo ezilandelayo ngesikhathi annealing:

1. Ezakhiwe abathukuthelela e amaziko okushisa 1000? C no bavunyelwe emela ukushisa njalo amahora 10 kuya 24. Ngenxa ezidabula kanye cementite eyinhloko Ledebur.
2. Metal ukuthi selehlile 720? C esithandweni.
3. At lokushisa 720? C ukumelana nokunwetshiwe kusukela amahora 15 kuya ku-30. Lokhu lokushisa kuqinisekisa ngokuqondile nokuwohloka cementite yesibili.
4. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo sokugcina kwaphinde selehlile nge kuhhavini zokusebenza 500? C, bese ukuhoxisa emoyeni.

Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi annealing graphitizing.

Ngemva komsebenzi microstructure kuyinto ferrite nge okusanhlamvu graphite izinhlayiya zeqhwa. Lolu hlobo ibizwa ngokuthi "chernoserdechnym" kusukela ikhefu omnyama.

Ulungiselela pearlitic oluthambile cast iron

Lolu hlobo yensimbi-carbon ingxubevange, ephinde evela ezimhlophe proeutectoid, kodwa okuqukethwe carbon yalo luyanda: 3-3.6%. Ukuze Castings nge isisekelo pearlitic, ezibekwe amabhokisi futhi uthele ochotshoziwe powder nsimbi noma isigayo esikalini. Inqubo Annealing ngokwawo lula.

1. Metal lokushisa wavuselwa 1000? C, igcinwe amahora 60-100.
2. Ukwakha abandayo esithandweni somlilo.

Ngenxa yellowing ngaphansi isenzo ukushisa endaweni metallic lisabalalisa: releasable ku-graphite cementite noqhekeko kushiya kancane annealed ebusweni ungqimba izingxenye, ukuyohlala ku Okunengi nofana slag ebusweni. Njengoba yenziwe ethambile, ezinzima futhi ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" yensimbi ductile nge maphakathi okuqinile.

Lokhu annealing libizwa akuphelele. Inikeza nokwahlukana cementite futhi pearlite ledeburite phezu plate ne-graphite ezifanele. Uma kudingekile luyimbudumbudu pearlitic ductile cast iron ne ubunzima ephakeme kanye plasticity, sebenzisa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe sishisiswe 720? C. Ngakho akhiwa nangangesihlabathi Perlite nge izinhlayiya zeqhwa graphite inclusions.

Izakhiwo, ukufaka nokusebenzisa ferritic yensimbi ductile

Eside "ukukhathazeka" zensimbi Imiphumela esithandweni endaweni nokwahlukana ephelele ledeburite futhi cementite e ferrite. Ngenxa butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe, ingxubevange nge wokuqukethwe eliphezulu carbon - ferritic isakhiwo nobuntu ongaphakeme-carbon steel. Kodwa-carbon ngokwalo akayi ndawo - ke isuka isimo ezihambisana yensimbi khulula. Temperature umphumela eshintsha ukuma graphite inclusions ukuba izinhlayiya zeqhwa.

isakhiwo Ferrite kubangela ukwehla ubulukhuni, ukwandisa amagugu amandla, khona izici ezifana ubunzima futhi ductility.

Ukumaka usebenzile yensimbi ekilasini ferrite: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 lapho:

CN - zinhlobo ukuhlonza - oluthambile;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _a, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - umthwalo esiphezulu ukuthi zingamelana ngaphandle kokuphula;

6, 8, 10, 12 - ukunwebeka, δ,% - plasticity Inkomba (ayanda value, i-usengozini kwensimbi ukwelashwa ingcindezi).

Ukuqina - mayelana 100-160 HB.

Lokhu loyo izinto ukusebenza Lesisemkhatsini phakathi ezifana steel nensimbi-carbon ingxubevange ngubumpunga. Ductile yensimbi ngezimbali ferritic pearlitic isisekelo eliphansi in ngokuya bafake ukumelana, ukugqwala ukumelana namandla ukukhathala, kodwa ephakeme ukukhuthazela mechanical, ductility, ekubunjweni izici. Nge wentengo ongaphakeme kabanzi lisetshenziswe umkhakha womshini izingxenye ezisebenza at imithwalo ongaphakeme naphakathi: amagiya, housings, enama-asi misa, amapayipi ngezinye izikhathi.

Izakhiwo, ukufaka nokusebenzisa pearlitic oluthambile cast iron

Ngenxa akuphelele annealing lokuqala, lesibili futhi cementite Ledebur isikhathi ukuncibilikisa ngokugcwele austenite, okuyinto ezingeni lokushisa 720? C uguqulwe Perlite. Lesi sakamuva inhlanganisela mechanical ferrite futhi cementite okusanhlamvu ephakeme. Empeleni, ingxenye carbon uhlala ifomu isibiyeli, kubangela isakhiwo, ingxenye - "eyakhishwa" ku-graphite izinhlayiya zeqhwa. Lapho lokhu Perlite kungaba ipuleti noma zibe nezinhlamvu. kwakhiwa Ngakho pearlitic oluthambile cast iron. Amandla ayo kukhona ngenxa elihlale isakhiwo nzima futhi kancane pliable.

Lezi, uma iqhathaniswa ferritic babe ukugqwala ephakeme, ukugqoka ukumelana izakhiwo, ukuqina yabo itsatfwa ephakeme, kodwa aphansi ductility futhi castability izici. Ezifweni ukuze ukucindezeleka mechanical anda surface ngenkathi esaziwa ubulukhuni futhi ukuqina umkhiqizo core.

Ukumaka usebenzile yensimbi pearlitic: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

Okokuqala idijithi - amandla isiqu: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 kanye 800 N / mm ^2, ngokulandelana.

Okwesibili - ductility notation ukunwebeka δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 kanye 1.5.

Pearlite izicelo ductile yensimbi ezitholakala isiqoqi sama-softwe nensimbi yomculo imiklamo ukuthi isebenzise imithwalo okusezingeni eliphezulu - kokubili static kanye ashukumisayo: camshafts, crankshafts, izingxenye bamba, pistons, yokuxhuma izinduku.

ukwelashwa ukushisa

Indaba etholwe ngenxa ukwelashwa ukushisa, okungukuthi, annealing okufanele abekeke okuphindaphindiwe izindlela lokushisa mathonya. injongo yabo eyinhloko - ngisho namandla mkhulu, ukuqina, ukumelana ukugqwala futhi ukuguga.

1. Tempering isetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezidinga ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ubunzima; ezivezwa Ukushisa ukuze 900? C, izingxenye selehlile ngesilinganiso esingaba ngu-100? C / umzuzwana usebenzisa amafutha engine. Ngemva kufanele kube iholidi okusezingeni eliphezulu nge Ukushisa ukuze 650˚S nomoya indlu.
2. Kokulinganisa isetshenziselwa izingxenye naphakathi elula esithandweni ngu Ukushisa ukuze 900? C, ishiywa emi ngalesi lokushisa isikhathi amahora 1 kuya 1.5 kanye nokupholisa okwalandela emoyeni. Troostite inikeza Perlite luyimbudumbudu, ubulukhuni bayo nokwethembeka e ukuxabana futhi ukugqoka. Isetshenziselwa anti-friction oluthambile cast iron ne nsuku pearlitic.
3. Annealing wenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe enkulu ekwakhekeni antifriction: Ukushisa - kuya ku-900 C, ubambe ngalesi ukushisa okwesikhathi eside, ukupholisa ne esithandweni?. ferritic Kuncike noma ferritic-pearlitic isakhiwo antifriction ductile yensimbi.

Amalahle imikhiqizo cast iron kungaba kwenziwe endaweni yakini noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze baqonde izinto ezenzekayo osetshenziswayo ephezulu imvamisa imisinga noma ilangabi acetylene (ebambe eqeda). Ukuze eziyinkimbinkimbi - Ukushisa esithandweni. Lapho Ukushisa endawo kuphela ungqimba engenhla lukhuni, it kwandisa ubulukhuni bayo futhi amandla, kodwa agcinwayo ductility futhi viscosity indices core.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi UKWAKHA yensimbi kungenzeki, hhayi kuphela ngenxa enganele izici mechanical, kodwa futhi ngenxa yozwela yaso ephezulu ukuze abukhali lokushisa umyela is ngenakugwemeka lapho eqeda ngamanzi indlu.

Anti-friction oluthambile cast iron

Lokhu ezihlukahlukene futhi kusebenza oluthambile, futhi doped, zingabantu grey (ASF), ekwakheni (APC) kanye namandla high (ACHV). APC isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ductile cast iron, okuyinto ngaphansi annealing noma ukuzinza. Izinqubo abazenzi ukuze sithuthukise izakhiwo zalo mechanical kumiswa izici ezintsha - ukugqoka ukumelana in ukungqubuzana nezinye izingxenye.

Ilebulelwe: 1-APC, APC-2. Isetshenziswa ukwenziwa crankshafts, amagiya, amabombo.

Umthelela izithasiselo ezindaweni

Ngaphandle base yensimbi-graphite abasenakuphumula ukubunjwa yabo, kanye nezinye izingxenye, okuyinto futhi ukuba izakhiwo cast iron: manganese, i-silicon phosphorus, isibabule, ezinye izakhi alloying.

Mangan kuthuthukisa flowability metal ezibunjiwe, ukugqwala ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ukugqoka ukumelana. Lokho kwenza nobulukhuni namandla yokubopha carbon nensimbi ku-formula chemical Fe ₃ C, ukwakheka Perlite luyimbudumbudu.

Silicon Ubuye nethonya elihle fluidity we ingxubevange ezibunjiwe, kunomthelela nokwahlukana cementite futhi graphite inclusions Kwabiwa.

Sulphur - negative, kodwa izakhi ngenakugwemeka. Kunciphisa izakhiwo mechanical futhi amakhemikhali, kuvusa kumiswa imifantu. Nokho, ubuhlobo okunengqondo ngokuqukethwe layo nezinye izakhi (isib manganese) ilungisa izinqubo microstructural. Ngakho, lapho isilinganiso MN-S 0,8-1,2 Perlite lilondolozwe ngasiphi amathonya lokushisa isikhathi. Ngokwandisa isilinganiso kuya ku-3 kungenzeka ukuthola noma isiphi isakhiwo oyifunayo kuye imingcele esethiwe.

Phosphorus siyashintsha ngokuba fluidity kangcono kuthinta amandla, kwehlisa ukuqina futhi ductility, umthelela isikhathi graphitization.

Chromium uphinde molybdenum kuthiye kumiswa ishq graphite, kwezinye ezikuqukethe kuqhakambisa kumiswa Perlite luyimbudumbudu.

Tungsten kwandisa ukumelana ukugqoka lapho ezisebenza izindawo ezinezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.

Aluminium, nickel nethusi neqhaza graphitization.

Ngokulungisa nenani izakhi zamakhemikhali ezakha ingxubevange yensimbi-carbon, kanye isilinganiso zabo, kungaba nomthelela izakhiwo yokugcina cast iron.

Izinzuzo Ububi

Ductile chugun- impahla kokuba ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ubuciko. zako ezisemqoka yilezi:

• amazinga aphezulu ubulukhuni, ukugqoka ukumelana, amandla, kanye fluidity;
• ezinye izici ezivamile of ubunzima futhi ductility;
• processability by ukwelashwa ingcindezi, ngokungafani kuya grey cast iron;
• izindawo ezihlukahlukene embodiments ukulungiswa into engaphansi izindlela ezithile zokwelapha ukungabi ezishisayo futhi amakhemikhali-ezishisayo;
• eziphansi.

I yokuntula izimfanelo ngamunye:

• fragility;
• khona inclusions graphite;
• kahle e ahlabayo;
• abalulekile isisindo Castings.

Naphezu kokushiyeka zamanje, yensimbi ductile owabelwe e yokusansimbi futhi isiqoqi sama-softwe. Kulo tikhicitwe imininingwane ebalulekile njengoba crankshafts, ukubopha pads izingxenye, amagiya, pistons, yokuxhuma izinduku. Ukuba ezihlukahlukene encane imikhiqizo, niche lomuntu umkhakha usesikhundleni yensimbi ductile. ukusetshenziswa isici Its umthwalo ngaphansi kwazo ukusetshenziswa ezinye izinto akunakwenzeka.