Ukwahlukaniswa isabelomali izindleko

Isabelomali Russian Federation - isethi eziyinkimbinkimbi izinto ezahlukene imali kanye nezindleko. Ukuphumelela abulawe yayo kudinga ngezigaba afanele imithombo yemali engenayo kanye nezindleko Amathrendi ekhona uhlelo lwezimali emphakathini. I ngokucacile isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona eRussia kuhilela ekwakhekeni ehlelekile imodeli esimeme imali ukufakwa futhi Ukusebenzisa imali imikhakha ehlukene. Yenza iziphathimandla zaseRussia e le nsiza?

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana ngezigaba isabelomali

Yiqiniso, yebo. Kungenjalo, ukusebenza kwe-umnotho kazwelonke ngeke kwenzeke. Ukwahlukanisa ezidinga kukhishwe imali, imali, kanye neminye imingcele kwesabelomali iyahola isimo ukuhlela kwezomnotho. Le ndlela yokwenza kuhilela ukugcina, systematization kanye nokuhlaziywa kolwazi ezihlobene ukukhishwa izihloko kwesabelomali isimo. Ngesisekelo lolu lwazi lingatholakala eyenziwa nokuhlola ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo isimo ngakhona, kanye ekukhombeni izindlela okungenzeka nokwenza yayo.

amazinga kahulumeni

Kumiswa izimiso jikelele Ukwahlukaniswa isabelomali ezingenayo kanye nezindleko eRussia lusekelwe ezingeni federal ngokusebenzisa ukushicilelwa izenzo zomthetho ezifanele, futhi kamuva bathunyelwe izifunda kanye nomasipala. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamazinga kanye nezinkambiso, okuyothi ngalo ngezigaba izinto ezingenayo kanye nezindleko isabelomali isimo imikhakha ehlukene, ziqale ukusebenza ezingeni federal - ke isici esibaluleke kunazo ukuzinza komnotho kazwelonke ngezindlela eziningi isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona.

Ukwahlukaniswa isabelomali izindleko futhi izimali kuhilela Ukubuthelela izihloko ezifanele ngezinga of ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinto engenayo kanye imithombo isiteshi kwezimali utshalomali endaweni yengcebo futhi waxhumana kokubili injongo ukudweba amapulani zezimali, futhi ngokuhamba esahlulelweni. Umsebenzi ayisihluthulelo isimo kuleli cala - ukuqinisekisa comparability izinkomba ezithile amabhajethi abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene - federal, lesifunda kanye kamasipala.

Isakhiwo ngezigaba kwesabelomali WaseRussia

Ngesisekelo iziphi izimiso lwenteke isabelomali ngezigaba izindleko eRussia? Okokuqala kubalulekile ukwaba 2 indlela esiyinhloko ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe.

• Okokuqala, kuyinto Ukwahlukaniswa engenayo. Luhilela Ukubuthelela isabelomali izimali kuwo wonke amazinga correlative roomates nge imithombo athonya ke, nangokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko nomthetho obusa. imikhakha Revenue kunqunywa izihloko sihlanganise lezi noma kweminye imithombo yemali engenayo isici esifanayo. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, nentela.
• Okwesibili, kuyinto Ukwahlukaniswa isabelomali. Libuye libe Ukubuthelela izindleko labelwe kuya emazingeni ahlukahlukene zomphakathi uhlelo uxhaso. Ukwahlukanisa nezindleko ibonisa isiqondiso lokungena nokuphuma kwemali ezindaweni ezithile ukuze ibhekane nezinselelo ukhiye ezibhekene isimo - kwezomnotho, bathuthukise inhlalakahle izakhamuzi.

Ibhajethi ngezigaba phakathi kohlaka imodeli Russian kuhilela isabelo of izimali kanye nezindleko esigabeni sesigatshana, futhi target izihloko kwesabelomali isimo, okutshengisa isiqondiso cash flow ukuxazulula ezithile izinkinga ezibhekene isimo futhi zidinga ukuqaliswa imisebenzi ethile kwezomnotho.

Ukwahlukanisa izindleko enzuzweni Russian Federation kungase futhi kwenziwe ngezizathu zezomnotho. Le ndlela yokwenza kuhilela Ukubuthelela izihloko ezihlukahlukene ngesisekelo okuqukethwe kwabo kwezomnotho. Njengomthetho, kulindelekile ukwabiwa yokusebenza kanye nemali yokuqhuba umsebenzi. Futhi, ngezigaba kwezomnotho of izimali kanye nezindleko kusho ukulungiswa alandelayo izilinganiso for ngabanye nezinhlangano kwesabelomali.

ngezigaba yomnyango

Uphiko ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni cost-ukwabelana ngaphakathi ngezimali zomphakathi - neminyango umsebenzi. Yiziphi? Ngokuyinhloko yokuthi iziphathimandla zikhuluma kungacacisa ukuthi lezi noma ezinye izindlela ukudidiyela isabelomali izigaba ezithile. Kwenziwe ngezigaba yomnyango ngakho zombuso ngezimali izindleko. Kuyinto Ukubuthelela izindleko izinto ezingeni kohlelo isabelomali yezihloko Russian Federation. Umsebenzi oyinhloko iziphathimandla ezihilelekile kule ndawo yomsebenzi - ukwaba izinsiza kwesabelomali abalawuli.

cishe ngezigaba zoMnyango kwezindleko ukhonza njengomdala ezifanele imithombo Kwabiwa indlela. Isimo sokunquma ziyefana nalezo kuphawulwe ngenhla kithi - esabelweni izindleko ukuze izigaba ezahlukene, izigatshana noma target izihloko (okuyinto yena, kungenziwa olunye oluthathwa zibe sub-ayithemu nezinye ilungiselelo wezimali ka iziphathimandla nezikhungo). Ngokuqondene abaphathi izimali kwesabelomali ezifundeni ezingeni RF futhi izifundo isimo esifanayo, ayehlanganyela emsebenzini ezingeni lomasipala, uhlu lwabo abamukelekayo ngqongqotshe noma iziphathimandla zendawo abanekhono.

Ukubaluleka ngezigaba

Ukwahlukanisa engenayo kanye Russian emalini kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuphumelela nokuqaliswa kwalo oluthinta ngqo izinga ukusebenza isimo uhlelo lwezimali waseRussia. Imininingwane inqubomgomo kwesabelomali we Russian Federation buvezwa izici of isakhiwo isimo, izici imodeli kazwelonke isakhiwo sikahulumeni wezwe lakithi.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa yokulondoloza ubuqotho nokuzinza isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona abe imodeli ehlelekile ngezigaba kanye nokwabiwa izimali kanye nezindleko isabelomali. Izimiso yokwakha kwalo kwenza ukuba ibe esobala izinhlaka federal ukwenza izinqumo key emkhakheni wokuphathwa kwezimali kanye neziphathimandla zezifunda kanye kamasipala.

Sesihlole ngezigaba, ngokusho kongoti, ngokuvamile, yakhiwe ngendlela enengqondo ngokwanele. Income futhi ngezindleko, uma uhlelo isabelomali Russian, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu - wonke amazinga abaphathi kwetimali tesive okufanayo. Lesi sici ziwusizo kakhulu sihlole kabanzi.

Ubunye uhlelo isabelomali

Ngakho, isici esibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto libhekene Ukwahlukaniswa isabelomali izimali kanye izindleko e imodeli Russian - ubunye izindlela kanye nendlela ekulinganisweni wabayisa isigaba esisodwa noma esinye phezu amazinga kahulumeni, zezifunda kanye lendawo. Ngakho-ke, iziqondiso ukhiye elawula indlela evunyiwe ezingeni namagunya aphakeme. Njengomthetho, imithombo efanele komthetho ukusithatha umlingisi yomthetho kahulumeni. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ezingeni RF izifundo noma umasipala kungenzeka imininingwane edingekayo imithetho ngokusebenzisa ukushicilelwa imithetho zesifunda noma zendawo. Into esemqoka kuleli cala - akwephuli izimiso jikelele ngezigaba isabelomali fixed ezingeni sikahulumeni.

Thina uhlole zezimiso eziyinhloko theory lapho iziphathimandla e-Russian Federation bafeza isabelo kwezindleko kanye nemali engenayo izinto isimo uhlelo lwezimali imikhakha ehlukene. Sesibonile ukuthi kukhona eziningi izindlela eziyisisekelo ekwakheni isikimu ezinjalo, ogxile ngemibandela kwezomnotho, noma, isibonelo, izindlela ze-ahileleke neminyango kaHulumeni. Manje, ake sicabangele ezimbalwa amaphuzu awusizo, okubonisa indlela lapho kwenziwe ngezigaba kwezindleko zomphakathi okungaphezulu futhi nokwenza imali. Masitadishe kakhulu izigaba ukuthi basakazwa WaseRussia izimali kanye nezindleko isimo uhlelo lwezimali. Asiqale engenayo.

Ukwahlukaniswa ngenzuzo

Ukwahlukanisa isabelomali izimali lubonakaliswa ekulinganisweni imithombo yayo emaqenjini, subgroups nezihloko ezithile.

amaqembu ngenzuzo Ngokuphathelene intela ungabahlukanisa. Phakathi sub-ngamaqembu ukhiye:

1. Intela yezimpahla, amasevisi, imiklomelo kanye nezinye izimali. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- i-VAT,

- mkhuba imisebenzi ku imikhiqizo noma izinto zokusetshenziswa, okuyinto akhiqizwa eRussia noma amazwe ezivela phesheya;

- amacala federal, yesifunda, futhi wendawo aphathelene yesigaba ilayisensi;

- intela ukuthengwa izimali zakwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhokhwa amadokhumenti, okuyinto kuvetwa esebenzisa izimali zakwamanye amazwe;

- UTII.

2. Impahla izintela. Lezi zihlanganisa izintela:

- impahla labasemkhatsini nalabakhulu;

- impahla ngamunye;

- umhlabathi;

- ifa noma umnikelo.

3. Izimali ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo etholakala isimo. Phakathi kwalabo:

- izinkokhelo ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezimbiwa;

- ukuhlangana emgwaqeni kabusha base amaminerali isisetshenziswa;

- ezengeziwe intela yemali kusuka ukukhiqizwa hydrocarbon;

- intela ngoba ilungelo lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi, izinto eziningi zezilwane;

- ihlathi, amanzi, kwemvelo, umhlaba izintela.

4. Izimali okuhlobene kutsengisa phakathi Russian Federation nakwamanye amazwe, kanye ukuthengiselana kwezomnotho angaphandle. Phakathi kwalabo:

- amasiko, izimali zomphakathi futhi amacala;

- iminikelo izimali ezihlukahlukene, embuso;

- izintela ekugembuleni, ukukhangisa;

- komgwaqo kanye ezokuthutha izintela.

Okunye iqembu enkulu imithombo isabelomali izimali - non-eziqoqwayo. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo, kunezindlela amaqembu ayinhloko ezilandelayo:

1. Impahla imali zamafa ukuthi ziphethwe isimo, komasipala, noma ezivele ngenxa labo noma kweminye imisebenzi kwezohwebo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- iholo kusukela ukuzibandakanya we amafa isimo noma komasipala;

- Izinzuzo ku Securities isimo umsuka;

- izimali Leasing impahla isimo;

- Amaphesenti okuyinto etholakala ngokwakha ezifakwa emabhange ngenxa izimali, kanye nalezo wazithatha ngenxa ukubolekisa ngaphakathi;

- izimali, eyabonakala ngenxa ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo noma isinxephezelo izindleko isimo;

- inzuzo CBR;

- izinkokhelo kusuka kuhulumeni noma wendawo ejensi kahulumeni;

- ukuqoqwa quota for izinhlanzi izinhlanzi ngoba ukwaziswa okumayelana nesisebenzisana nabo kanye nezinhlangano zasemazweni angaphandle;

- nezinye engenayo emafeni ukuthi ziphethwe isimo noma umasipala.

2. Inzuzo kusukela ukudayiswa kwempahla akahulumeni noma wendawo igunya. Lezi kungaba:

- ophuma azimele izinkampani ukuthi abangu akahulumeni;

- Imali engenayo ezisuka kusukela ekuthengisweni lamasheya iziphathimandla zomphakathi;

- Imali engenayo, eyabonakala ngenxa ukuthengiselana nge zokuhlala ingcebo;

- ophuma ukudayiswa ukukhiqizwa noma non-ukukhiqizwa imithombo, ezokuthutha, izinhlobo ezithile imishini;

- ophuma ukudayiswa zathathwa noma unowned impahla, umcebo kanye nezinye izimpahla, okuyinto laba impahla yabantwana isimo noma umasipala.

- izimali ukudayiswa amasheya uhulumeni;

- ophuma kwesikhatjhana ukuthengiswa komhlaba kanye nempahla angaphatheki;

- imali abadlali non-state enhlokodolobha Ukudluliselwa format;

- izimali kanye nezindleko eziphathelene esigabeni nezokuphatha;

- izinhlawulo, wokubhadela umonakalo;

- Imali engenayo ezivukayo emisebenzini angaphandle;

- nezinye engenayo ezibangelwa isigaba non-intela.

3. namarisidi olungenasizathu. imithombo yabo yilezi:

- amabhajethi emazingeni ehlukene;

- ngezimali zikahulumeni, inhlangano;

- izakhiwo supranational.

Izindlela ngezigaba kungenzeka zifakwe, okuyinto kuthiwa ngobulili izimali ithemba. Empeleni, lolu hlobo ukusungulwa nalo imali.

4. Imali engenayo Trust Fund. Phakathi kwalabo:

- traffic, izimali kwemvelo;

- isakhiwo eziphathelene namasiko uhlelo lwemisebenzi Russia;

- ukukhokhela ekulweni nobugebengu;

- isakhiwo, ngaphansi ethile ye-Federal Border Izikhungo, Ministry of Atomic Energy;

- ukukhokhela kabusha amaminerali kanye isizinda impahla eluhlaza.

Lawa izigaba ukhiye lapho isabelomali waseRussia izimali ihlukaniswa. Njengoba sinqume ngenhla, essence yabo ukuze silondoloze ubunye kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, ingashintshwa ukuze imininingwane yalolu isakhiwo sepolitiki yezwe. Kodwa akukho ezibalulekile kithi kancane ukuba abe nesifundo izimiso eyayisekelwe kuzo leyo iziphathimandla zikahulumeni uhlukanise njengoba isabelomali kanye nezindleko.

Ukwahlukaniswa nezindleko

Ngakho, nendlela yokwaba imali isithakazelo imikhakha ehlukene, esenziwa ngo-Russia, siye sibuyekezwe. manje sizofunda kuyini ngezigaba obusebenzayo isabelomali Russian. imikhakha Its main kubhekwe isigaba. izinhlobonhlobo Specific babo impela eningi. Ngakho, ngezigaba yesimanje isabelomali izindleko eRussia kuhilela ukwabiwa ohlwini olulandelayo ngezihloko:

- State kanye ekuphathweni komasipala;

- namajaji;

- umsebenzi enkundleni ngamazwe;

- kwempi;

- abomthetho;

- isayensi;

- umkhakha, amandla kanye nokwakhiwa izimboni;

- imisebenzi emkhakheni wezolimo, izindawo zokudoba;

- nokuvikelwa kwemvelo;

- emkhakheni yezokuthutha;

- ukuxhumana yelwati;

- ingqalasizinda emakethe;

- Ezezindlu;

- zokuvimbela nokuqeda imiphumela izimo eziphuthumayo;

- imfundo;

- Amasiko Art;

- Abezindaba;

- ezempilo, imfundo ngokomzimba;

- izinqubomgomo emphakathini ngamakhasimende;

- izinkokhelo ngaphandle isimo loans;

- kumiswa izinqolobane isimo;

- uxhaso kwesabelomali kanye nezinye izinyathelo ukwesekwa;

- nokwenza of the ukwakheka izingalo, kufaka phakathi kohlaka izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe;

- ukulungiselela webutho lezempi ngokuya ukugqugquzela;

- zoxhaso ithemba izimali;

- ezinye izinhlobo nezindleko.

manje sizofunda yini ngezigaba kwezomnotho isabelomali izindleko. Njengengxenye isabelomali salo izindleko kulindeleke for ngalezi zigaba ezilandelayo:

1. nezindleko yamanje. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- inkokhelo inzalo emalini ebolekwe;

- uxhaso, ukudluliselwa;

- Izindleko ezihambisana inqubo ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo nobunikazi kwempahla kwamanye amazwe.

2. Capital izindleko. Phakathi kwalabo:

- kokutshalwa kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki;

- kumiswa esiqiwini isimo;

- ukuthengwa komhlaba futhi angaphatheki amafa;

- Ukudluliselwa ngaphansi komkhakha capital.

3. Ukuhlinzekwa ukubolekisa isabelomali. Phakathi nemisebenzi yohlobo ehambisana:

- ukunikeza credits ngaphakathi ohlelweni isabelomali ;

- ukubolekisa kwamanye amazwe;

- sokukhokhwa sokubolekwayo.

Kwabiwa olungenzeka criteria ezengeziwe ukuze uthole imininingwane izindleko. ngezigaba Kwezomnotho isabelomali izindleko kungabanga kwencazelo anhlobonhlobo izihloko, okungase kwenziwe izimali zomphakathi.

zindlela engeziwe ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa engenayo kanye nezindleko

Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi e wodwana labelwe Ukudluliselwa izakhamuzi. Ziyakwazi aphansi kusho Kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe izindlawu finance impesheni, izinzuzo, isinxephezelo, izinkokhelo inhlalakahle kanye scholarship - bonke labo izilinganiso ukusekelwa ngokwezimali anikelwe imithetho federal, isimo noma wendawo.

Ukwahlukaniswa Isabelomali isabelomali izindleko kungabanga ukwabiwa ngesisekelo imikhakha wamanje kanye nezigaba nezinye izihloko neziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni uxhaso - izimali anikelwe umbuso amavolumu edingekayo of zesifunda noma kamasipala isabelomali, inhlangano noma isakhamuzi ku ngokuya share yemali eseduze, uma benza kanjalo bangase oluthathwa zibe sub-ayithemu ahlukahlukene.

amazinga State kwezamabhizinisi

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngezigaba obusebenzayo izindleko, kanye nezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukwabela izimali ukuze isigaba esisodwa noma esinye, ezisetshenziswa neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kungenzeka ngesimo imiqondo sasivumela efanayo ukuthola isicelo kwezamabhizinisi. Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu?

Iqiniso liwukuthi Ukwahlukaniswa engenayo kanye nezindleko lenhlangano kungabanga futhi isabelo izigaba, izigatshana, izihloko kuncike futhi izigaba ezingeziwe. Le ndlela yokwenza esetshenziswa yiziphathimandla ibhizinisi, ngalo mqondo, kungaba ayefana kakhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, Ukwahlukaniswa engenayo kanye nezindleko lenhlangano kuthathwa isabelo sabo, uma sikhuluma kuqala, ukuze endaweni ethize lendabuko, futhi uma sikhuluma yesibili - ukuba indilinga ezithile utshalomali (isibonelo, ekuthuthukiseni okhiqiza izimpahla ezimbonini, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda ukuheha abasebenzi abasha, ukwakhiwa entsha izinto, njalo njalo. d.). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngaphakathi ngamunye ezindaweni ezikhethiwe womsebenzi we amabhizinisi izindleko uzobe ecacisiwe.

Inkulumo efanayo izimiso, enikezwe esakhiweni esimweni uhlelo lwezimali kanye ngezigaba izindleko kwenhlangano, kanye ngemali, ungaboniswa hhayi kuphela ukwaba izimali kanye nezindleko lenkampani izihloko ezahlukene (kanye kunjalo isabelomali nesimo), kodwa futhi ukwakha izimiso of ubudlelwano yenkampani phakathi izinhlangano ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ehlangana ibe eliyifa. Yini-ke ungaboniswa?

Sibambe kulesi simo kungaba uhlobo Analogue of isabelomali sikahulumeni. Izinkampani ukuthi zifakwe oyiyo - "zesifunda" izinhlelo zezimali. Ezingaphansi nababambisene - "omasipala" amabhajethi. Ngakho, ngezigaba bezindleko kungabanga, isibonelo, iinthombe isakhiwo kuthengiselana, efana uxhaso nokudluliswa, ukuthi kuhloswe uxhaso lwezimali ukuze isakhiwo eliyifa, okuyinto ngesikhathi sakhe esithile kudingeka.

umsebenzi Commercial ngezinye izikhathi kungaba azifane nalezo noma ezinye izinhlobo iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphathelene ukubolekisa nokubonga - Ukwahlukaniswa izindleko ibhizinisi kungase kuhilele iinthombe nabo wodwana, njengoba nje ohulumeni ukukwenza, ukwakha isabelomali.

Ngakho, inqubomgomo yezimali kahulumeni namabhizinisi ungaba izimpawu lubonakale okufana ngaso. Ukwahlukanisa izindleko ibhizinisi, imali, kanye esakhiweni izimali kanye nezindleko kwesabelomali isimo njengengxenye eyodwa noma esinye isigaba, kwezinye izimo, oyokwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezifanayo.