Ukwelashwa ukushisa ka Alloys. ukushisa ukwelashwa

ukwelashwa ukushisa ka Alloys kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo ukukhiqizwa yokusansimbi ayoni futhi non-ayoni. Ngenxa yalokhu inqubo, insimbi labo abazokwazi ekushintsheni izici zabo amagugu edingekayo. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izinhlobo ezinkulu ukwelashwa ukushisa kusetshenziswa umkhakha yesimanje.

ukwelashwa ukushisa SUMMARY

Phakathi womshini lulwimi siphelile metal izingxenye kukhona ukushisa iphathwa ukuze udlulisele izakhiwo ofiselekayo (amandla, ukugqwala ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ukugqoka ukumelana, nokunye. D.). ukwelashwa ukushisa of Alloys - iqoqo izinqubo yokufakelwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ku Alloys ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kukhona izinguquko ezihlelekile futhi physico-mechanical kodwa walondoloza ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ketshezi.

Injongo ukwelashwa ukushisa

imikhiqizo Metal, ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke izindawo umnotho, kumele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziphakeme ukumelana ukugqoka. Metal, njengoba impahla eluhlaza, kudingeka ukuba lwesekelwe izakhiwo ukusebenza okuhambisana bungatholakala ku ukuchayeka okushisa aphakeme. ukwelashwa ukushisa ka Alloys, amazinga okushisa aphezulu ukwakheka ketshezi yokuqala, redistributes izingxenye zalo, oguqula ubukhulu kanye ukuma zinhlayiya. Konke lokhu kuholela kwehliswa ukucindezeleka sangaphakathi metal futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngcono izakhiwo zalo ngokomzimba futhi lokukhanda.

Izinhlobo zokwelapha ezishisayo

ukwelashwa ukushisa kuyehla kube Alloys metallic linesizotha ezintathu izinqubo: amalahle izinto zokusetshenziswa (Semi-siphelile) ngaphambi lokushisa oyifunayo, baligcine ngaphansi kwezimo kusengaphambili futhi lisebenzise isikhathi esidingekile Ukupholisa okusheshayo. Ngo zokukhiqiza lanamuhla lusebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana ukwelashwa ukushisa, zehlukene ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe, kodwa inqubo algorithm isalokhu ngokufanayo kuyo yonke indawo.

Ngu indlela yokwelashwa sokushisa kwemini yikhomishini zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ukushisa (lukhuni, tempering, annealing, ukuguga, ukucubungula cryogenic).
• ukucutshungulwa Thermo-mechanical yakhiwa okushisa aphakeme kuhlangene isinyathelo mechanical kwi-ingxubevange.
• ukushisa Chemical kusho ukwelashwa ukushisa we ebusweni metal kulandele i kwandzisa izici umkhiqizo chemical (carbon, i-nitrogen, i-chromium, njll).

annealing

Annealing - inqubo lapho izinsimbi kanye Alloys ngaphansi Ukushisa lokushisa elinqunyiwe, bese isithando, lapho inqubo epholile kancane kakhulu ngokwemvelo yokukhiqiza. Ngemva annealing uphathe ukuqeda inhomogeneity ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ndaba, ukususwa ekucindezelekeni yangaphakathi, ukufeza isakhiwo wokusanhlamvu ngcono kanjalo, kodwa kungadambisa nobulukhuni ingxubevange lula ngokucubungula wayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama- ka annealing: annealing uhlobo lokuqala nelesibili.

Annealing sohlobo sokuqala sihilela ekwelapheni ukushisa, okuholela ushintsho esimweni esigabeni se-ingxubevange kukhona azinakwa noma lumane. It Ubuye izinhlobo zayo: homogenised - annealing lokushisa 1100-1200, e ezifana izimo Alloys abaneminyaka amahora 8-15, recrystallization (uma t 100-200) isetshenziselwa annealing steel riveted, isb selivele zikhubazekile abandayo.

uhlobo ihlaya yesibili kuholela abalulekile isigaba ushintsho ingxubevange. Ubuye izinhlobo eziningana:

• annealing Okugcwele - amalahle ingxubevange ukuze ngaphezu lokushisa esibucayi of 30-50 omaka, sici for yalolu ketshezi futhi wathi izinga ukupholisa (200 / ihora - carbon steel, 100 / h no-50 / h - lezinsimbi ephansi elixutshiwe futhi ephezulu ingxubevange, ngokulandelana).
• Ingxenye - ishisisa iphuzu ezibucayi kanye nokupholisa kancane.
• Diffusion - annealing lokushisa 1100-1200.
• Isothermal - Ukushisa kuyafana ne annealing ngokugcwele kodwa kwalokho Ukupholisa okusheshayo wenziwa ngezinga lokushisa kancane ngezansi ezibucayi futhi bavunyelwe ukuba kuphole emoyeni.
• Obujwayelekile - anneal umnyuziki kulandele lwaluyophola sensimbi emoyeni, kunokuba kuhhavini.

ukuqina

Ukuqina - a manipulation ingxubevange, ogama Inhloso kuzuzwe martensitic ukuguqulwa metal, ukuhlinzeka nokuncipha imikhiqizo ductility futhi ukwandisa ngamandla alo. Tempering, kanye annealing kuhilela amalahle metal esithandweni ngaphezu lokushisa ezibucayi umehluko eqeda lokushisa izinga enkulu Ukupholisa ebanjwa in a okugeza ketshezi. Kuye metal ngisho balolonge ke wasebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlamvu ukuqina:

• Lukhuni imvelo efanayo, okungukuthi ngendlela okugeza okusamanzi (amanzi - izingxenye ezinkulu, uwoyela - I-izingxenye ezincane).
• Kweseva ukuqina - Ukupholisa sihamba izinyathelo ezimbili ezilandelanayo: kuqala ketshezi (ngaphezulu cooler abukhali) lokushisa alinganiselwa ku-300, bese emoyeni noma kwenye ibhathi lamafutha.
• Isinyathelo - umkhiqizo ukufeza lokushisa ukuqina, it is selehlile isikhathi e-usawoti esibunjiweyo, kulandele lwaluyophola emoyeni.
• Isothermal - ubuchwepheshe kakhulu efana isinyathelo-eqeda, kuyahluka esikhathini eliyifa komkhiqizo ezingeni lokushisa ukuguqulwa martensitic kuphela.
• Ukukholisa nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano tempering iyahluka kwenye yezinye izinhlobo iqiniso ukuthi metal evuthayo akuyona selehlile ngokuphelele, kwasala engu phakathi izingxenye efudumele komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho zokukhwabanisa komkhiqizo liba izakhiwo amandla anda phezu futhi phakathi viscosity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Le nhlanganisela lubaluleke zezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo (izando, amashizolo, njll).

iholide

Iholide - esigabeni sokugcina thermally kucutshungulwa Alloys ngokuchaza isakhiwo metal sokugcina. Injongo eyinhloko tempering ukunciphisa brittleness komkhiqizo metal. Isimiso liqukethe amalahle izingxenye lokushisa ngezansi Ukupholisa ezibucayi. Njengoba izimo ukwelashwa ukushisa kanye izinga Ukupholisa imikhiqizo metal ngekwetinhloso letehlukene angahluka ke kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu iholide:

• High - Ukushisa lokushisa 350-600 kunani ngezansi ukubaluleka esibucayi. Le nqubo kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-metal izakhiwo.
• Ephakathi - ukwelashwa ukushisa at t 350-500, luvame imikhiqizo entwasahlobo neziphethu.
• Okuphansi - amalahle lokushisa umkhiqizo akazidluli 250 ivumela kuzuzwe amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi bagqoke izingxenye.

ukuguga

Aging - ukwelashwa nokuvutha Alloys, imbangela kwamazinyo izinqubo supersaturated metal ngemva eqeda. Umphumela uba ukwanda yokuguga ubulukhuni ububanzi, amandla nokuqina kwayo umkhiqizo osuphelile. Ukuguga asithinti nje kuphela yensimbi, kodwa futhi izinsimbi non-ayoni, kuhlanganise kalula deformable aluminium. Uma umkhiqizo metal lukhuni sima lokushisa evamile, kukhona izinqubo, okuyizinto ezibangela ukukhuphuka sebengavela amandla futhi ukwehla ductility. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi zemvelo ukuguga metal. Uma zokukhwabanisa esifanayo kwenziwe nemibandela lokushisa eliphezulu, kuyothiwa ukuguga yokufakelwa.

ukwelashwa cryogenic

Izinguquko kule nokwakheka Alloys, ngakho izindawo zabo bungatholakala hhayi kuphela high, kodwa futhi okushisa aphansi kakhulu. ukwelashwa ukushisa ka Alloys at t ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa libizwa cryogenic. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe is kabanzi emikhakheni eyehlukene emnothweni abe umphelelisi ukufudumeza ukwelashwa nge okushisa aphakeme, ngoba ivumela ukuba kakhulu ukunciphisa izindleko izinqubo imikhiqizo ezishisayo ukuqina.

ukuphathwa Cryogenic ka Alloys Kwenziwa at t -196 processor ekhethekile cryogenic. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe benza ukuthi ukwandisa impilo yesevisi ye-izingxenye iphathwa anti-ukugqwala izakhiwo, kanye isidingo ukwelashwa okuphindaphindiwe.

ukwelashwa thermomechanical

Indlela entsha lokucubungula Alloys ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa izinsimbi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kanye ukusonteka mechanical izihloko esimweni plastic. ukwelashwa Thermo-mechanical (TMT) ukuze indlela yokuziphatha, bungabi ezintathu izinhlobo:

• Low-lokushisa ukwelashwa thermomechanical unezigaba ezimbili: ukusonteka plastic kulandele eqeda futhi tempering ingxenye. Umehluko omkhulu kusuka nezinye izinhlobo TMO - Ukushisa lokushisa esimweni austenitic we ingxubevange.
• TMO High kuhilela amalahle ingxubevange esimweni martensitic lihambisana ukusonteka plastic.
• Oku - ukusonteka eyenziwa ngaso t 20 kulandele eqeda futhi tempering we metal.

ukwelashwa ukushisa Chemical

Shintsha isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo Alloys futhi mhlawumbe usebenzisa ukuphathwa amakhemikhali-ezishisayo, elihlanganisa imiphumela ezishisayo futhi amakhemikhali ku izinsimbi. Umgomo oyinhloko walesi inqubo, ngaphezu azidlulisele amandla eyengeziwe, ubulukhuni, bagqoke ukumelana naso futhi kwenze akunika umkhiqizo imininingwane ukumelana acid kanye ukumelana umlilo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukwelashwa ukushisa:

• Cementation uqhutshwa ukungadluliseli ezengeziwe amandla workpiece ebusweni. Ingqikithi yalo inqubo iwukuba bazogcwalisa metal carbon. Cementation kungase kwenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili: carburizing okuqinile kanye negesi. Esimweni sokuqala indaba kusetshenzwe kanye amalahle kanye Activator ibekwe kuhhavini futhi eliwu lokushisa ethile, kulandele ukuguga ke in the medium kanye nokupholisa. Endabeni carburizing igesi mkhiqizo ngenkathi kushiswa okuthile kuhhavini 900 ngaphansi jet okuqhubekayo carbon equkethe igesi.
• Nitriding - ukwelashwa chemical-ezishisayo imikhiqizo metal yi saturation ebusweni esimweni nitrogen. Waba yini umphumela walesi inqubo ukuthuthukisa amandla umkhawulo izinto ukwandisa ukugqwala yayo ukumelana.
• Cyanidation - ukugcwaliswa metal kokubili i-nitrogen ne-carbon. Lesi sangoma kungenzeka okusamanzi (oncibilikisiwe nosawoti carbon- nitrogen-oqukethe), kanye gaseous.
• Diffusion metallization indlela yesimanje ekuzuzeni ukumelana nokushisa sihloko metallic, ukumelana acid futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ingaphezulu Alloys enjalo ayegcwele ngezinto ezihlukahlukene (aluminium, chromium) kanye metalloids (Silicon, boron).

Izakhiwo yokwelashwa yensimbi ezishisayo

Foundry yensimbi Alloys ukushisa-baphathwe ubuchwepheshe kancane ehlukile kunaleyo non-ayoni metal Alloys. Iron (grey, namandla high, elixutshiwe) egcina ukushisa ukwelashwa ezilandelayo: annealing (at t 500-650), normalizing, lukhuni (okuqinile, isothermal, ebusweni), tempering, nitriding (grey cast iron) aluminizing (pearlitic cast iron), i-chrome. Konke lokhu izinqubo ngenxa kakhulu ngcono izakhiwo izihloko yokugcina yensimbi anda ukuphila service, ukuqeda ingozi ngokuhlaziya ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa nomkhiqizo, ukwandisa amandla futhi ukushisa ukumelana cast iron.

ukwelashwa ukushisa ka Alloys ayoni

izinsimbi non-ayoni futhi Alloys babe izakhiwo kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngakho kusetshenzwe by izindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, Alloys ngethusi Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezikhonjelwe ukulumbana babhekana recrystallization annealing. Esikhundleni sethusi inikezwa ephansi lokushisa annealing amasu (200-300), ngoba lokhu ingxubevange ithambekele ngesikhathi imvelo ezinomswakama ukuze kwemifantu nokuguqulwa. Bronze futhi equliswa homogenizing annealing at kuze 550 t. Magnesium annealed, omnene, futhi equliswa ukuguga yokufakelwa (ukuguga yemvelo ingekho kuya magnesium lukhuni). Aluminium, kanye magnesium, is phansi ukufudumeza ukwelashwa izindlela ezintathu: annealing, eqeda nokushwabana, ngemva kwalokho deformable aluminiyamu ukwandisa ngamandla alo. Icubungula titanium ingxubevange yakhiwa: recrystallization annealing, eqeda, ukuguga nitriding futhi carburizing.

isifinyezo

ukwelashwa ukushisa of izinsimbi kanye Alloys kuyinqubo ezinkulu, kokubili ngombala omnyama non-ayoni yokusansimbi. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla benza izinto ezihlukahlukene izindlela ukwelashwa ukushisa ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo wayefisa uhlobo Alloys kusetshenzwe ngamunye. metal ngamunye has isici lokushisa yayo ezibucayi, okusho ukuthi ukwelashwa ukushisa kumele kwenziwe ikhumbula ketshezi kwesakhiwo izici physicochemical. Ekugcineni, ngeke sifinyelele kuphela imiphumela oyifunayo, kodwa futhi kakhulu lula yokukhiqiza izinqubo.