India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): incazelo, umlando kanye nezici

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano iyunithi wokuqala olwaqala-December 31, 2013, eneminyaka engu-26 ngo-ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa esiteji, wema enezinyanga eziyisikhombisa ukuvinjelwa ababhikishi babe ngobukhulu esikhungweni samandla enuzi wezwe.

irekhodi sidle

Kukhona amaphrojekthi of enuzi izitshalo amandla, esisuka phakade, "Kudankulam" - esikhungweni samandla enuzi, okuyinto isibonelo esivelele omunye wabo. Pho kungani inikezwe entendeni? Kungcono ukwenza okungenani ngenxa isibalo izinkinga esiteshini wakwazi ukunqoba. Kutfutfukiswa iyunithi liqala ngo-1988, kodwa iphrojekthi liye lasinda kokuwa kweSoviet Union, unswinyo ngamazwe, izithiyo zomthetho engapheli, kanye imibhikisho zendawo, ngesikhathi angenise isiphithiphithi. "Kudankulam" - esikhungweni samandla enuzi, owaziwa ngokuba isitshalo zayo zokuqala yesimanje eyakhelwe eNdiya usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe angaphandle.

Kusukela ngo-1974, lapho ibhomu le-athomu lwavivinywa ezweni, kuze 2008, India awuzange ungivumele ukuba ubuchwepheshe zenuzi ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngezinhlanzi ngokuhambisana iSivumelwano kwi-Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Izikhali, lapho-ke akuzange kube njengokungathi ujoyina. Uhlolo zaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-Suppliers Nuclear Group (nsg) - umzimba sezizwe ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise iningi amandla enuzi zomhlaba, obadalwa ukuqapha ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngezinhlanzi ubuchwepheshe zenuzi, kokubili amasosha nezakhamuzi.

amandla ukushoda

Esimeni semakhaya angaphandle usizo ukuvinjelwa India waphoqeleka ukuba usebenzise ipumelelo Russian amandla enuzi umkhakha. Okukhishwayo kuphela babe izilinganiso ezingamakhulu amabili ngesikhathi Tarapur, ezakhiwe General Electric ngo-1969, futhi iCandu ezimbili ngaphezulu Rajasthan, ukwakhiwa zazo sabekwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Bobabili NPP abasebenze uranium amazwe ngaphansi kokulawula-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 nezinye sikhungo e-India, ithuthukiswe-indlu kanye abasebenza amanzi esindayo. Limited uranium izinqolobane kuleli zwe, baba umthombo wezinkinga njalo kanye supply yokubasela wendawo sokuphehla amandla enuzi. Kwakudingekile ukuthuthukisa fuel ukucutshungulwa ubuchwepheshe, kanye uhlelo eside ukusetshenziswa enkulu cindezela izinqolobane - mayelana 13% imali eyaziwa kwalesi sakhi kumakhemikhali eNdiya.

Ubunzima ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi (zonke sikhungo yezwe nomthamo 202 MW noma ngaphansi) ophoqelelwe ubuholi bayo ukuba afune izindlela ukugwema unswinyo ngamazwe. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi omunye lemizamo kwaba "Kudankulam".

iphrojekthi esibi

Ngo-November 1988, kusho uNdunankulu Radzhiv Gandi futhi uMikhail Gorbachev yasayina isivumelwano esivumela ukwakha ezimbili turnkey amandla enuzi amayunithi e Tamil Nadu neSoviet VVER ophendulayo. EU.SSR kwadingeka ukwakha esiteshini futhi ukuqinisekisa uphethiloli zizobuyiselwa ngemva ukuthuthukiswa.

Kodwa iphrojekthi sibhekene nezingqinamba geopolitical, ngoba iSoviet Union ngo-1988 lase liqala ukuwa. Ngonyaka olandelayo, emazweni athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu babe ngaphansi kokubuswa Soviet, ukuvikela ukuzimela futhi waphula eSoviet Union ngokwayo ngo-1991. Nakuba Russian Federation uye bamukela izibopho USSR ngaphansi kwesivumelwano ku "Kudankulam" NPP, bomnotho elahlasela Russia ngo-1990, esikhathini phakathi kuka-1990 no-1995 encishisiwe umnotho walo ngo-50%, okwakusho ukuthi ukuhluleka kwawo phambili ukusebenzisa lo msebenzi. Ukungezwani phakathi Russia nase-India kulokhu kuye kwaholela ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe ukuqaliswa iphrojekthi. Buyekeza nesivumelwano nsg ngo-1992 waletha nazinkinga njengoba i-United States bathi iphrojekthi akazange nemithetho emisha. Abahlukahlukene izikhulu Indian ngesikhathi walibiza zishonile.

umoya yesibili

Kodwa amandla enuzi project eNdiya "Kudankulam" yavuka emlotheni ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi ezingalindelekile. Ukushuba kwesimo ne Pakistan ngo-1998 kwaholela uchungechunge ezilandelanayo ukuhlolwa zenuzi, okwaholela ukusolwa kwamazwe omhlaba okwasabalala futhi unswinyo.

Noma kunjalo, phakathi nenyanga ka-Russia uye wanquma ngivuselele iphrojekthi yesivumelwano esisha, ungene ngemvume Juni 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Development Regulations ukuhlinzekela ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa inkampani isimo Russian "Atomstroyexport" ezimbili 1000-MW VVER-1000 sikhungo amanzi ukukhanya, futhi baseNdiya nyukleya Corp. (NPCI) ukudlala indima obuka Ukubona intuthuko yomsebenzi. Isivumelwane balinganiselwa ku $ 2.8 billion, ngesikhathi Russia inikeza loan kwesikhathi eside rupees 64,16 bhiliyoni. Isivumelwano esisha futhi wanika India ilungelo ukucubungula fuel wachitha uma "Atomstroyexport" sizonikeza leli thuba elihle kangaka.

isiqalo okusheshayo

Ukwakhiwa, ophethe ngobukhulu inkampani Indian Larsen & Toubro, waqala ngo-March 2002. Ngokungafani amaphrojekthi afanayo, "Atomstroyexport", isayithi yahanjelwa onjiniyela ambalwa nje Russian. Cishe yonke imisebenzi Kwakuseshwa amafemu endawo kanye nezifundiswa. Ekuqaleni, it has zonke izinkomba kwaba ukuthi luhlobo kuzophothulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesibekiwe ngoDisemba 2007. Ngaleli zinga, ukwakhiwa waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-2004. Ukuze uthole ukusekelwa okuthe yakhe futhi lula ukulethwa izingxenye esindayo ekuqaleni kuka-2004, yayakhiwe eduze port, okuyinto ovunyelwe ukuhudula okokusebenza enkulu ngqo isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla emikhunjini lehla ihange eseduze.

Kodwa abakwazanga ukubamba aphosekile.

izithiyo eziningi

Inkinga iqala nge ukubambezeleka ukulethwa imishini kanye izingxenye ezisele ezivela eRussia, kanye nezindaba ezihlobene izinhlelo ilungiselelo. Lokhu kwabangela Ukwehla ekwakheni, futhi ekugcineni, lonyaka schedule ukubambezeleka. Lesi sakhiwo esikhulu kunazo ngolokuqala amandla iyunithi laqedwa ngo-2010, futhi ngo-July waqala ukuhlolwa yayo nge umthwalo dummy uphethiloli. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, le phrojekthi luhlangabezane nezinye, kunezingqinamba ezinkulu kakhulu - ngokoqobo.

Naphezu ukushoda okwandile kagesi isimo Tamil Nadu, isakhiwo nokuphikiswa zaqala ukukhula njengoba sisondela ekupheleni kwaso. Abantu iMovement Against Nuclear Energy (PMANE), umfelandawonye bendawo nabadobi ngo-2011, ngemva kwale nhlekelele ngoMashi ngesikhathi esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi "Fukushima-1" eJapane waqala ikhathaze ngokumelene esiteshini. Ugu of Tamil Nadu lushaywa yi-tsunami e-Indian Ocean ngo-2004, isusa ukwesaba we phinda le nhlekelele-Japanese.

ivimbela NPP

Ngo-September, phambi ihlelelwe ekwindla kukaphethiloli ukulayisha kuqala futhi kusukela ngo-December, yaqala ukuvikela indawo ye ukwakhiwa. Septhemba 22 IKhabhinethi Wongqongqoshe yeMibuso lesinqumo afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye ukumiswa wonke umsebenzi ukucacisa mayelana nokuphepha zalesi sihlahla.

Kuze ngoMashi ngonyaka ozayo, ababhikishi lidlule akukho abasebenzi abangaphezulu kuka 50 shift ngalinye, okwenza kwaba nzima ukuba ukuhlinzwa evamile. Isibalo ababhikishi ngezinye izikhathi safinyelela latinkhulungwane letinyentana.

Ukwethulwa kwe-esigabeni sokuqala

Imibhikisho ziye basibukela phansi isimo esibucayi amandla in the state entwasahlobo ka ngonyaka ozayo, kushoda kwemandla okubangelwa 4 GW. Usongo lwezigebengu ugesi wawuphela IKhabhinethi yasishintsha isinqumo sangaphambilini wabiza nokuthuma okusheshayo ka esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi "Kudankulam". Nokho, amandla enuzi, kwakuhileleke kwesivivinyo, naphezu isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme e-September 2012, baye bayilahla ekuvimbeni ukulayisha uphethiloli zenuzi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo thina kwaqina imibhikisho emelene esiteshini, ngezinye izikhathi kuphenduke ubudlova, okuyinto edingekayo khona izinkulungwane amaphoyisa ukuze avikele esiteshini. I icala esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi yaze yaqedwa Meyi 2013, ngesikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni walichitha icala. Noma kunjalo, ukubambezeleka ngenxa imibhikisho nezinkinga ukwakhiwa, anda izindleko zalo msebenzi at $ 1 billion.

Block kuqalwa inombolo 1 ngoJulayi 2013 yamandla aphansi ukuhlolwa zaqhubeka Ezinyangeni ezalandela, futhi 100% amandla iyunithi wethulwa June 9. Ukusetshenziswa Commercial amandla enuzi waqala Disemba 21, 2014 ukuqeqesha abasebenzi of NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

gigawatts yesibili

Eyesibili "Kudankulam" NPP nge umthamo 1000 MW wethulwa ngo-July 10, 2016. Waba 22 ophendulayo th zenuzi eNdiya amanzi yesibili Umfutho.

Ngemva kwalokho, zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-45 kwamandla we-iyunithi eseqala ukuveza 400 MW kagesi, futhi ngo-August ixhunywe kunethiwekhi. Kukagesi yenu kuyovumelana kancane kancane ukwandisa 500, 750, 900, futhi 1000 MW. Ngemva ngokungeza 1,000 MW esigabeni of inethiwekhi aseningizimu umthamo efakwe yesibili amandla enuzi eNdiya kuzokhulisa kusukela wamanje 5780 kuya 6780 MW.

Ngokusho NPCIL, ukwethulwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngemva kohlelo nesikhathi ukuhlola izici yonke nenqubo kanye nezimfuneko eyayifunwa imithetho neziqondiso Zenuzi Wokulawula Council (AERB).

NPCIL uthi "Kudankulam" - esikhungweni samandla enuzi, okuyinto izici zokuphepha eziphambili ezahlukene, amazinga afanele ngamazwe. Sikhungo Generation III + sihlanganise yekwentiwa ukuphepha izinhlelo ezifana yokwenziwa ukushisa ukususwa uhlelo, i-hydrogen recombiners, core izicupho accumulator futhi ngokushesha boron umjovo uhlelo.

amathemba inkungu

"Kudankulam" NPP nokuthuma esigabeni sesibili okumele ekuqaleni kuka-2017, kuncike ekuqhubekeni nokubambisana phakathi kweNdiya Russia, kungenziwa enwetshiwe kuze kufinyelele amayunithi 6-8. Ezweni lonke ihlela ukwakhela 20 sikhungo ezinjalo.

Isivumelwano kuzilinganiselo yesithathu neyesine sasayinwa ngo-Ephreli 2014 i-isamba 330 bhiliyoni rupees ($ 5.5 billion). nokuqaliswa kwalo ibambezelekile ngenxa yokungakhokhi ukuhambisana umthetho ngo-2010 ku-Icala Civil ngoba Umonakalo Nuclear, okuyinto kuvumela NPCI kufunwe isinxephezelo kubadayisi isitshalo uma kwenzeka engozini eyabangelwa imishini okuyiphutha.

Lokhu isibopho sezomthetho ezingaba ukudanisa izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezama ukwenza ibhizinisi India, naphezu isivumelwano kusukela ngo-2008, ka nsg, okuyinto kwavulela izwe ukuba ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngezinhlanzi izinto zenuzi.

isixazululo ebucayini

Izinkulumo phakathi kweNdiya Russian "Rosatom", eyathatha iminyaka emine, uzilungiselele uhlaka ukuqhubeka kuthengiselana. Kuze kube manje, i-Russia yilona lizwe kuphela ifinyelele esivumelwaneni, owawuthi Indian inkampani yomshuwalense embuso General Insurance Co. izobheka ingxenye sikhungo ngasinye, futhi wafuna engu-20 umshwalense premium ukumboza umonakalo okungenzeka. Izindleko entsha amandla amayunithi senzelwe ukubonakalisa le ndlela entsha.

Izingqapheli ningakholwa ukuthi lezi imigomo emikhulu eze ophawulekayo, njengoba kuphakama imibuzo iyingqayizivele uhulumeni waseNdiya nakwezomthetho, nezepolitiki kungasibambezela ukuthunyelwa ubuchwepheshe zenuzi. Noma kunjalo, impumelelo "Kudankulam" NPP kuyinto isizathu sethemba emkhakheni amandla wezwe siyidinga impela amandla enuzi.