Umbhoshongo esiphezulu eMoscow Kremlin. Incazelo eMoscow ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo

Umbhoshongo esiphezulu eMoscow ezibiyele - iyona central Tower kwesigaba ntshonalanga ye odongeni, kokushiya Alexander Garden. Ibizwa ngokuthi uZiqu-zintathu, i-travel futhi ngobukhulu. Umbhoshongo is ethwele inkanyezi irubi, futhi uma kuso, kanye phezu Spassky vezhe (Old igama Russian), Chime uyahlanganyela.

I lasendulo itshe elimhlophe ezibiyele

Ngisho Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy kule minyaka 1366-1368 kwathathelwa indawo odongeni sokhuni Kremlin. Indaba kuyiphi ukwakha izinqaba entsha nemibhoshongo, ngokuvamile kuye kwaba limestone kukhanya noma "itshe elimhlophe", okuyinto kwaba ocebile ngakho ezindaweni ezimaphakathi yeRussia. Lena umsuka kanye uphawu eMoscow lasendulo - "itshe elimhlophe". Nokho, izinto zokwakha kwaba izinqaba usengozini futhi agugile. nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva kwenziwe njalo, kangangokuthi obunengi encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla. Ngakho, ngo-1462 umthengisi eMoscow Vasiliem Dmitrievichem Ermolinym, ngaleso sikhathi aphathe konke ukwakhiwa usebenza ezingeni likazwelonke, ukulungisa ezinkulu izindonga kwenziwa ukusuka esangweni ukuya Borovitsky Sviblovo strelnitsa. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, "yikuphi kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele likhulu kunawo wonke", udinga ukwazi yonke imininingwane, kuhlanganise ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindonga nemibhoshongo ukuthi, naphezu ukulungiswa ezinkulu, aqhubeka "hamba." Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, Ivan III Elikhulu, elase landile, ngasendleleni, YaseMoscow usayizi ubukhulu izikhathi 6, isimemezelo wakhishwa eyesithathu yokugcina yekhulu xv, ngenxa kubulawa lapho ezibiyele eMoscow, nezindonga zayo kwemibhoshongo eziye zabhekana kuhlelwa kabusha olukhulu.

New ezibiyele obomvu isitini

Ukuze afinyelele umgomo walo Grand UMbusi eMoscow umema kusuka Italy amakhosi adumile bokwakha, ngaphansi kokuqondisa okuyinto nge 1485 iqala ukuhlolisiswa ezimhlophe itshe pryasel (endaweni ephakathi kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili), izindonga olubaluleke ngokwabo. Sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi, kwi-site izinqaba silandelwe ezakhiwa entsha, kulokhu ngezitini. Ngalesi nokwakha kabusha endaweni ezibiyele ukuthi kwenyuke ngo-ingxenye axube-ntshonalanga inqaba. Futhi manje kwaba 27.5 amahektha futhi usezuze i okungajwayelekile unxantathu ukuma. Ubalula inqaba zamanje. Umsebenzi eyayiholwa amaNtaliyane. Ngakho-ke akukho lutho isimanga yokuthi ukuphela engenhla izindonga, ehlotshiswe imibhoshongo, zonke Veigy (Old igama Russian), kubandakanya umbhoshongo ephakeme kunazo zonke YaseMoscow ezibiyele, sinjengesicubu izinqaba Italian - Scaligero e Verona kanye eMilan Sforza Castle.

Moscow umbhoshongo inqaba

Ubude eMoscow ezibiyele has 20 nemibhoshongo. Three ekhoneni - Vodovzvodnaya, Beglemishevskaya futhi Corner Arsenal - umbhoshongo kwesigaba letiyindilinga, kwathi abanye, kuhlanganise umbhoshongo ephakeme kunazo zonke YaseMoscow ezibiyele - isikwele. Kulaba Ensemble Imininingwane, abaneminyaka ikakhulukazi besenze nesitayela esifanako, imele Nikolskaya umbhoshongo esibheke Red Square, okuyinto 1812 amaFulentshi iqhume. Lapho imisebenzi sokubuyiselwa kwenziwe lo msebenzi O. I. Bove, wanika ukubukeka gothic futhi zaveza emhlophe. Zonke ukuma vezhi nokuphakama kwawo sihluke nomunye. Ngakho yimuphi kubo yilona eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke embhoshongweni ezibiyele? UZiqu-zintathu. Kuyini futhi kuphi? Kuyini nomlando wayo?

fryazhskie abaklami

A yokulungiswa isamba ezibiyele kwakuhileleke Aleviz Fryazin (Milanese), owafika eMoscow ngo 1494. Ngo 1495 wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa izindonga nemibhoshongo egudle uMfula Neglinnaya. Stone emakamelweni zakhiwa ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe (iminyaka 1499-1508). Ngo 1508 wakha edamini emfuleni, okuyinto agelezé kanye engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga odongeni Kremlin. Siyabonga kubo ezingeni amanzi omfula rose kakhulu ukuze agcwalise nomsele wadala kanye odongeni esibheke Red Square. It kusukela 1508 kuya 1516 ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezinsimbi Milanese bemba. Futhi Nabo bazakhela Ngasenyakatho umbhoshongo esiphezulu eMoscow Kremlin.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Fryazin - akulona igama, isidlaliso ukuthi sasiya kubo bonke ochwepheshe Western Russian ababevela eningizimu yeYurophu. Ivela igama angahleliwe "franc". Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuvamile kwakudingeka ukudideka. Aloisio da Milano, Aleviz Fryazin Milanese futhi Aloisio da Karezano (noma Carcano) - ungomunye kanye nomuntu ofanayo, ukwakha umbhoshongo zintathu kanye Bon Fryazin aphakeme belfry "Ivan Veliky". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Ivan III ababemenyelwe eMoscow omunye Aleviz Fryazin, kodwa Venitsiantsa noma okusha. Babefanele igama ngisho ezivamile - fryazhskie abaklami. Ngaphezu kwalezi "Fryazinov" noma "fryagov" abamenyiwe Ivan III Omkhulu Marco Ruffo futhi Pietro Antonio solari, ngokulandelana, Mark Peter Fryazinov.

ezibiyele ezivikelweni

Ngakho, sakhiwo lesidze kakhulu YaseMoscow ezibiyele kwakhiwa kusuka 1495 kuya eminyakeni 1499 Aleviz Fryazin Milanese. Futhi izinqaba sokuqala ngqá ezibiyele - Taynitskaya Tower (isikhungo engxenyeni eseningizimu odongeni ezibiyele) - wethulwa July 14, 1485. Ngemva kwalokho, umbhoshongo bafakwa ukusebenza cishe njalo ngonyaka. Okwamuva - Imperial Tower - eyakhelwe ngaphakathi 1680. amazwi Special ufanelwe odongeni ezibiyele, kuhlanganise emasha egudle uMfula Neglinnaya. Maphakathi kulesi sigaba likhulu kunawo wonke eNyakatho koMbhoshongo eMoscow Kremlin. Ubude obuphelele Udonga elilingana 2235 amamitha, ukuphakama kuhluka 5 kuya 19 m. I ukushuba izindonga 3.5 6.5 m waba pass-nge ekuqaleni, kodwa ke ngifobela ahlukene izingxenye doti.

udonga esiyingqayizivele

Towers zihlukaniswe ibanga elithile, okungase unqobe yezinto, zibekwe phezu kodonga. ububanzi ifinyelela lapho 2, nalapho futhi 4 amamitha. Ngaphandle-ke wawuvikelwa namazinyo esinezimpondo ezimbili obude ilingana 2-2.5 m, kanye ukushuba -. 0,65-0,7 m Inani unogada namazinyo ngokufanele emhlabeni azungezwe elilingana 1045 izingcezu. Sagittarians abaku- odongeni ayesezibhebheni egcekeni ohlangothini uthango embozwe udonga. Ekuqaleni ndima embozwe kombhede gable kwakunokwenzeka aphephele sezulu esibi phansi kwawo, nezinyoni kakhulu odongeni wayimboza kusukela obangelwe imvula neqhwa. Lokhu ophahleni washiswa ekhulwini XVIII, futhi okuningi zikuthola is awabuyiswanga.

Umlando kwegama

Kusukela eliphakeme embhoshongweni eMoscow ezibiyele ebizwa ngokuthi uZiqu-zintathu, kubalulekile ukuze sithole ukuthi kungani wanikwa leli gama, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuqaleni ukubahlonipha Epiphany ke Rizpolozhensky kamuva Znamenskaia futhi Kuretnoy nesihloko zamanje wafumana kuphela 1658 ngesinqumo somthetho we Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ngenxa ukuhlala endaweni ye ezibiyele zintathu farmstead. amagama Langaphambilini exhumene ne emasontweni ezibiyele kanye eseduze umqeqeshi yindlu yobukhosi.

kakhulu sokuqala

Aphakeme kakhulu ezibiyele (photo enamathiselwe) umbhoshongo has nemingcele ezilandelayo: kusukela Alexander Garden, wakha lapho phambi kwakukhona umfula Neglinnaya, lagibela igemfe, ukuphakama Veigy ne inkanyezi 80 metres, ngaphandle - 76,35, ohlangothini engaphakathi - ngokulandelana 69,3 futhi 65,65 m. lombhoshongo siwela. Amasango awo kusukela yaqala ukuba ukuphela XVII kubhekwa yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu ngemva Spassky.

Bakhonza ukudlula ukuba emagcekeni queens, amakhosazana inzalamizi. Ngo-1516, ngo-zintathu Tower ngaphesheya koMfula Neglinnaya kwaba ibhuloho elaphela osenyameni strelnitsa noma Barbican, ngokuthi kuleli cala Kutafya umbhoshongo. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso izinqaba kwasekuqaleni ukuze uqhubeke uvikele esangweni. Kuyinto uyasinda umbhoshongo kuphela ezibiyele bridgehead. Ukuya ngaye Troitsky Bridge, ngokusho kwabanye nompetha umlando eMoscow, yakhiwa kulesi sizinda sezakhiwo lokuqala netshe le nhloko-dolobha, elakhiwa ngekhulu XIV.

Eyesibili ebaluleke kakhulu

Uyini umbhoshongo esiphezulu eMoscow ezibiyele, futhi kungani hhayi uMsindisi main? Ngokusobala, esikhathini esithile inkathi yomlando iSoviet, ukubaluleka-zintathu Amasango wanezela ukuthi kwakungenxa kubo Mashi 12, 1918 V I. Lenin bafike endaweni Kremlin. Through the zintathu Amasango wafika lapha, uNapoleon, ngabo wagijima kusukela Kremlin. Ukubuyela nge uzowanqoba amakhosi ayethathwa kakhulu zintathu Ibhuloho ngalesosikhathi they ngikweluleke uyiswa eSangweni Spassky. Ekuqaleni lesidze kakhulu YaseMoscow ezibiyele (photo enamathiselwe) yafeza indima ebalulekile emlandweni wonke eMoscow. Kuyinto aphakeme, kodwa hhayi main ngoba akayanga Red Square.

Lokufanako nalokwehlukile

Nge ekupheleni ukwakhiwa kwalesi umbhoshongo eyaqedwa ukudalwa nezivikelo zonke esigabeni enyakatho-ntshonalanga izindonga - nganeno ezibiyele baba ungenakunqotshwa. Inqaba enkulu phezulu yaphela amazinyo, itende sokhuni ukuthi hipped. Imibhalo esuka 1585, lo mbhoshongo kwaba Chime ukuthi ulinganisa zifana yayo kuMsindisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili bagcina sebeya efakwe ezimbili esinamakhanda ukhozi, uhlanganiswa nokuzala Russia KuZiqu-zintathu wayemdala, wabuthela kusuka izingcezu eziningana aboshelwe. Futhi lapho 1685 lakhiwa phezu kwetshe multi-tiered futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu marquee yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili omhlophe, omunye ezimhlophe itshe umhlobiso, efana main Spassky umbhoshongo isibe enkulu kakhulu. Yebo, ngisho ngemva konyaka Chime entsha hung (ebe eshile ngomlilo eMoscow ngo 1812, basuke ayisekho abuyiselwe).

Elements of izakhiwo zesonto

On umbuzo ukuthi yiziphi kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele likhulu kunawo wonke, ungaphendula: lokho ethwele a kwesitsha nge eziyisishiyagalombili kokuba ngokusebenzisa smotritelnuyu ingxenye. Kusho ukuthini? Igama elithi "octagon phezu quadrangle" uhlobo Ukwakheka lathumela, ikakhulukazi Ezakhiweni zesonto. Octagonal noma ukumisa octagonal, phansi umi phezu ezine emaceleni, ngaphezulu wokufukula. ukwakhiwa zazingase zibonakale Ezifuna emazulwini, okwakunginika ukwakhiwa dynamism, kwaba yena, isici esivelele sokuba baraque eMoscow. Esikhathini amasonto izigodi etusekayo insimbi octagonal elalikuyo, ngokwemvelo, wayengekho ezicwebezelisiwe bese upheqa ngokusebenzisa. Troitskaya Tower, le imikhakha engenhla lapho sekwakhiwe kulolu hlobo wabheka kumnandi kusukela wamanje Alexander Garden. Lokhu lula yokuthi emagumbini futhi strelnitsa behlaliswe yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili ehlukahlukene elineziqongo. Ezinye zazo basuswa phakathi ukunwetshwa izintuba 1707 ngenxa usongo olusondelayo ayehlasela Swedish. Ingxenye - ngesikhathi efika zomlando zintathu Tower of the Ministry of eNkantolo Imperial. Kwakuthinta wakhiwe kabusha kuze kube ukwandisa.

UMbuso omkhulu, eziyisishiyagalombili storey

Umbhoshongo esiphezulu ezibiyele eMoscow has eziyisithupha ngenhla phansi kanye phansi ezimbili ngomshoshaphansi. zewayini Deep ekuqaleni izinjongo ukuzivikela nezempi. Khona-ke, ngekhulu le-XVI-XVII, lezi zewayini sebeye etilongweni. Lezi izibuya sijule kakhulu komhlaba Kwatholakala 1851. Kuyo yonke le ndawo yayikhona, Troitskaya Tower elisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Bengilapha kuze 1895 zomlando weNkantolo Imperial, futhi manje-orchestra kaMongameli ibekwe kuwo.

ezibiyele izinkanyezi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhoshongo esiphezulu ezibiyele eMoscow - omunye emihlanu ebekiwe umqhele izinkanyezi. Borovitskaya Spasskaya futhi Nikolskaya futhi Vodovzvodnaya - kungcono kwemibhoshongo amane, okuyinto amabombo armorial we-Imperial Russia kwathathelwa indawo izinkanyezi. Ngokuhambisana amajazi izikhali futhi ungakwazi ukubuza umbuzo, lubalulekile kakhulu Imibuzo: Impendulo kungaba: omunye elalimi kuze 1935 omdala (isikhathi Ekuphakanyisweni - 1830), ukhozi kabili ephethwe "Yikuphi kwemibhoshongo YaseMoscow ezibiyele likhulu kunawo wonke?". "Youngest" (1912) kwaba ku Msindisi. Futhi kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo inkanyezi yokuqala. Izinkanyezi okuqala ayengelona zegolide lulwimi eziyigugu nokukhathazeka kakhulu - nesisindo ton. Ngakho-ke uphahla Spassky, uZiqu-zintathu, Borovetskoy kwemibhoshongo ngaphambilini ukuqiniswa. Nokho, lulwimi eziyigugu inkanyezi ngokushesha kwaphela, futhi ngo-1937 wanquma ukuba esikhundleni saso kungene izinkanyezi elikhanyayo of irubi ingilazi.

Ohlukile ezibiyele imibhoshongo

Ikhona yini enye indlela ungakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi iyiphi umbhoshongo esiphezulu ezibiyele? Uma ubheka kwepulani, singabona ukuthi embhoshongweni 15 vezhi uMsindisi (izinombolo kuyinto esiphikisa) futhi inenani - zintathu, enye isuka ibhuloho wakhe. Uhlobo ngalunye kwezingu-20 vezh ezibiyele uhlukile, has umlando walo, bese ukuchaza kubo okungenani yokuzenzisa, esinye isihloko sathi akwanele.