A. S. Pushkin: 1820-1824, isixhumanisi eningizimu. Ukufingqa imisebenzi esemqoka

isikhathi Very interesting ngokuya biography kanye lokusungula kwaba isixhumanisi oseningizimu Pushkin. Sitshele kafushane ngakho - akuwona umsebenzi olula. Inkathi isixhumanisi eningizimu - kulokhu kusukela ngo-May 1820 kuya ku-July 1824. Kunenkolelo yokuthi lena senguquko ubuciko, kanye empilweni ka-Alexander.

isimo Pushkin usushintshile. Bekasesesikghwari isikhulu, kodwa baba imbongi-ekudingisweni, wohlanga olukhulu ahlaza. Kulokhu, kwakungekho ukuphila sesethi ka-Aleksandru kude Petersburg. Ngakho, isixhumanisi angahlubula ibe levulekile. Isiphetho alandelayo wakhe kuphela kwakuxhomeke isimo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe ngesikhathi Pushkin wahlala. 1820-1824 - eningizimu isixhumanisi. Isifingqo imisebenzi emikhulu kwalesi sikhathi, kanye nolwazi oluchaza ngalesi sikhathi okwethulwa kulesi sihloko.

Okungenzeka babehamba nomkhaya wakubo Rajewski

Ekuqaleni kwaqala ukuvunguza "umoya" autocracy ingahluphi ngoba Pushkin. Phakathi Meyi no September 1820, yena wachitha abajikelezayo. Imbongi Waya eningizimu nomkhaya Jikelele Rajewski, jikelele, hero Impi Ye-1812. Echoes of the okuvelayo YaseCrimea futhi zaseCaucasia, imizwa, ethathelwe nenhlanganyelo amalungu alo mkhaya omkhulu, nokuzilibazisa namadodakazi jikelele iminyaka engaba yishumi kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza izinkondlo ka-Alexander.

Izikhungo e Chisinau

Uyini okwengeziwe Biography of Pushkin? South isixhumanisi wabe akajabuli ngakho. Nakuba kusukela 1820 kuya 1823 ngakho kwadingeka ukuba kwenzeke e Chisinau. Wakhonza umbusi onqenqemeni Bessarabian ehhovisi (esithombeni ngenhla - indlu-Museum of Pushkin e Chisinau). Kuyaziwa ukuthi Inzov jikelele iphathwa lesigceme sakhe kahle. Wazama hhayi umthwalo kuye ngesevisi kakhulu, kuvunyelwe eside engekho Chisinau. Ngakho-ke, yini ngakho nokhahlo kwaba isixhumanisi oseningizimu Pushkin.

Kafushane ukhuluma ngani ke, kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi imbongi wahlala isikhathi eside e Kamenka (sifundazwe Kievskaya), ifa Davydov, kusukela ngoNovemba 1820 kuya ku-January 1821. Le ndawo yaba omunye izikhungo lapho ukuphikiswa, umbuso wayeya wokubusa Alexander I. Imbongi ibuye wavakashela e-Odessa Kiev, futhi ekupheleni 1821, wahamba waya Moldova ne-IP Liprandi. umsebenzi Pushkin sika isixhumanisi eningizimu kusekelwe zonke lezi kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezenzeka.

Rapprochement nge wabaholi

Ngo Kamenka futhi Kishineve Aleksandr Sergeevich wakhuluma namalungu imfihlo weSouthern Umphakathi kanye "Union of Welfare" (V L. Davydovym, P. I. Pestelem, P. S. Puschinym, V. F. Raevskim, M. F. Orlovym). South exhumanisa Pushkin nkathi egqamile ikhasi Biography of the imbongi, egcwele idrama yangaphakathi. Wayengakwazi ukukhulelwa kwasangulukisa kuye, akazange azamukele futhi abazange baphenduke. isixhumanisi South empilweni Pushkin sika kuphawulwa lokuthi uba nokubingelela lothintekayo yezithunjwa zikamashiqela ingakwazi, umfel 'ukholo enkululeko. Ubumnene yezombangazwe abathanda ifilosofi ka-Aleksandru kwaholela union eduze ne baxgeki olukhulu umbuso. Pushkin wayefuna ukwenza kubo abangane bakho. Wayecabanga ukuthi esezakuvula bona iphupho "inkululeko ongcwele." Futhi Pushkin wafuna shí emzabalazweni wezombusazwe kwabozungu.

Imbongi ayisaxhunyanisiwe ekhangwa izivumokholo ubudala - ukuntwela "inkululeko ukukhanyiselwa" nesithi "Ovusa Star Yenjabulo". Akazange wencike ukuhlakanipha umashiqela. Phakathi isixhumanisi eningizimu Pushkin ladliwa ezikwenza uphelelwe isineke, wabona "isigwebo angababulali" "umqaphi inkululeko." Nokho, ngithemba ukuthi amazwi akhe kuzosiza esimweni jikelele, emva kwesikhashana kwaphela. Abangane eqala ukutshela imbongi ukuthi akukho inhlangano eyimfihlo.

izinkondlo romantic

Phakathi isixhumanisi eningizimu Alexander uba imbongi elikhanyayo romantic. In amazwi womculo wakhe, waba yindawo basonta uhlobo romantic. Lona ngumlayezo friendly futhi Elegy senkondlo. U-Alexander waba ballads nesithakazelo futhi yothando. Pushkin wabhala e isixhumanisi eningizimu "Ingoma Hlakaniphile Oleg". Ikakhulukazi izwe kwangaphakathi ugcwele Alexander okwalesi sikhathi kule elegies ( "ngasinda isifiso sami ...", "Thins amafu kusihlwa yokhalo ..." "ucime ikhwezi" nabanye.). Kuyinto uhlobo epigraphs romantic Pushkin a isahluko esisha ekuphileni kwakhe zokudala. Ziyakwazi lubonakale umngcele abukhali phakathi neminyaka yokuphila Petersburg, egcwele ekudleni inkhulumomphendvulwano friendly, injabulo nothando nokuphila "ekudingisweni kuyisicefe." Izosha Pushkin, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, avtopsihologichna. Isimo Ilingana imbongi kwaba izithombe romantic isitayela.

taPawula

Aleksandru Sergeevichu okwamanje owawucabanga engaqinisekile, buthuntu futhi engenakhaya. Ngokuvamile uvele ukufana ngokwengqondo nabanye imbongi ahlaza - Ovid, Baratynsky futhi Byron. Ngo 1821, Pushkin wabhala umyalezo "Ukuze Ovid," kanye Elegy letibitwa ngekutsi "Napoleon". izithombe ezicacile lezihambi kanye bedingisiwe okwethulwa izincwadi ukuze Baratynsky, abhalwe 1822.

Qaphela ukuthi i-imilayezo izici isici okufana elegies lwembhalo njengoba kwehlukana, ushintsho ngokushesha ezwa confessional. Ukuze u-Alexander Sergeyevich base indlela yokwelapha njengoba umngane omusha, nabangane kusukela Petersburg. Circle kakhulu izindawo: NI Gnedich, AA Delvig P. A. Vyazemsky, PA Katenin, P. Ya Chaadaev, EA Baratynsky, F. Lezi Yur'ev et al.. ngezinye izikhathi umyalezo kuba izincwadi wokuvuma. Alexander ezindla ngawo ngokuphila esekudingisweni, ngezinye izikhathi wakhumbula injabulo ukuxhumana nabangani babo. Ngemisebenzi ezifana "I ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi Umyalezo", "Ukuze inkwell yami," "Ukuze Ovid," imbongi inikeza zibona on isimo izincwadi, mayelana lokusungula, mayelana vicissitudes ukudalelwa.

izinkondlo esiseNingizimu Pushkin

Isici Psychological ka-Aleksandru lathunjwa isosha azidalile. I izinkondlo owethulwe imodeli engokoqobo, refracted ngendlela yothando. Ukuze izimbongi eziningi ezifuywayo zothando yena kamuva baba nezokusigcoba. Ngo 1821, Pushkin wabhala inkondlo yakhe edumile onesihloko esithi "Prisoner of eCaucasus". Esikhathini kusuka 1821 kuya 1822, wayesebenza ku "The inkunzi Abafowethu", e 1821-1823 GG. - ku "Umthombo Bakhchisarai". Ngo-1824, kakade Mikhailovsky waphothula inkondlo yakhe "amaGypsy". Kukholakala ukuthi le misebenzi - impumelelo eyinhloko Alexander ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa eningizimu. Nokho Inkondlo savusa ukuhlolwa ziyangqubuzana baxgeki futhi abafundi, aye aqinisa idumela lawo njengoba umbhali wezinkondlo main Russian.

Izici umjikelezo

Eningizimu iluphu izinkondlo izicucu 4 kuphela azixhunyiwe nomunye noma izinhlamvu, okuqukethwe komsindo. Nokho, banalo core ezivamile semantic. Izinhlamvu main yalezi imisebenzi - uqiniseka, abayisizwe esinamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkondlo ihlanganisa isihloko inkululeko, okuyinto pops up vele inkambo.

Ekuqaleni wazalwa umjikelezo ehlanganisa ezintathu imisebenzi Alexander Pushkin. South isixhumanisi wamnika impahla ngoba lezi zinkondlo, okuyinto zadalwa esikhathini kusuka 1820 kuya 1823. "AmaGypsy" zalotshelwa ngonyaka ozayo futhi zifakiwe emjikelezweni kwaze kwaba kamuva.

izinhlamvu Sexy kanye nenkululeko, ngokuphahluka, ngezinye izikhathi kubanda, futhi sinesihluku zisidedisele hhayi kuphela okwangempela futhi okwakhe, kodwa futhi iqiniso ukuthi badalwa esibudisi izincwadi Russian. Umbala wawo kwakuyinto eyimvelo. Umbhali odale lezi imisebenzi zothando ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, kodwa izinhlamvu izinkondlo zakhe namanje kuyiwa. isithombe sabo ubuqotho, namandla. izinkondlo Pushkin ababephikisana ukuqonda yendabuko romanticism sasihlanganisa yokuthi ngemuva emisebenzini Alexander Pushkin engekho nhlobo. The hero umelwe wodwa wahlukanisiwe zalo zesikhathi esidlule. Zokuphila kwakhe wangaphambili njengoba singakwazi kuphela ngokwalokho amanqampunqampu nezinkumbulo. Hero izimpilo futhi izenzo esikhathini samanje.

Inkondlo "Prisoner of eCaucasus" (Pushkin)

1820-1824 - eningizimu isixhumanisi, sifinyeto izenzakalo main okuye kuchaziwe ngenhla. Ukuze uqonde lokhu isikhathi ithuba Pushkin ukunikela inkondlo yakhe "The Prisoner of eCaucasus". Lapha protagonist kuyinto elinganqobeki, inkululeko-onothando. Akekho owaziyo ngomlando wakhe. Embhalweni kukhona inhlansana yokuthambekela yokuthi lavelaphi umphakathi eliphezulu. Hero ukukhanya nesithukuthezi. Wabalekela kuye eCaucasus, ngifuna inkululeko kwangaphakathi. Nokho, lapha eyisiboshwa. Ngakho, inkululeko ezazifunwa hero - nje kohliso. senkululeko yangempela siwukuzibusa ngaphakathi kumuntu. Ayikho izimo sangaphandle asikwazi yokulawula it. Kodwa inkululeko zangaphandle kuyadukisa. I protagonist Kunenkolelo ukuthi ngeke aphile besekuthunjweni. Nokho, kungabonakali ejwayele ekuthunjweni. Thanda abasha intombazane Circassian umnikeza ithuba lokufeza ukuphunyuka. Uyabaleka, ngaleyo ndlela dooming lover ukuzibulala. Inhliziyo le ntombazane sasishisa, ngokungafani abandayo izihlambi iqhawe. Circassian It ngempela khulula futhi inkululeko abathanda.

"AmaGypsy"

Nge umkhiqizo ngenhla echazwe senanele "Gypsy", ikakhulu ngokuya izinhlamvu. Ibuye ilandise ngezinto nesikhathi kufanele sibe nesithakazelo, ngoba yadalwa ngo-1824, Pushkin (1820-1824 - eningizimu isixhumanisi). Isifinyezo nezici kwalo mkhiqizo, siphinde ukuphakamisa cabanga.

Aleko isithombe unganakile okufana kakhulu ubunjalo "Prisoner of eCaucasus". Nokho, kuyinto kahle eklanyelwe, ebudisi. Hero, "bezingelwa umthetho," washiya izwe. Cishe, sinalo obalekayo noma okwakumenza isiboshwa esikhulile. Yena okholwa ukuthi ungathola injabulo nokuthula ekamu lwamaGypsy, abantu bahlala kuphi, ayixhunyiwe ngalutho ngaphandle kokuzizwa. Nokho, ekamu alamukeli Aleko. He is eqinisweni umhambi esikanye engingamazi kulaba bantu, futhi singakwazi ukuqonda yayo umphefumulo inkululeko abathanda.

Aleko uthando ne intombazane lwamaGypsy Zemfira. Ukutshela wakhe mayelana nomphakathi omkhulu, uthi, ukuthi abantu bakhona kuthiwa qhutshwa umcabango, namahloni uthando, ngithengise, asikhothamise amakhanda abo phambi izithombe bese ubheka imali kodwa amaketanga. Falling in love nowesifazane lwamaGypsy, iqhawe nkondlo ufuna ukuba naye kuze kube phakade, kodwa umphefumulo wakhe ekuthunjweni uthando amnyama. Aleko namanje ungayiqondi umoya engaphakathi abantu sizithathe.

Yini iphela le nkondlo "amaGypsy"? Pushkin afuna ukukusho ukuthi umlingiswa oyinhloko kuba indaba ayisiprofetho a lwamaGypsy ngothando lwakhe unrequited futhi mayelana nendlela unkosikazi akhe amuka kuye. Nokho, ukuhlakanipha kwaleli indaba akakwazi wokuliqonda, bekholelwa ukuthi akusiyo omunye kulabo abakwazi ukuyigcina kubo uthando. Aleko ilungele ukulwa imizwa yabo, kodwa ukwenza into engalungile. Amehlo akhe umgubuzelo lifihlakele wesikhwele, umuntu eqhuma okuyinto imbulale lover bakhe abangathembekile. Futhi amaGypsy ukwenqaba onhliziyo yayinesihluku kangangokuba.

Nokho, abantu Ohlakaniphile uhlobo ezithandayo, ungakwazi ukuqonda ugqozi iqhawe, ngakho musa ukuphuca kuye zokuphila. Bamtshela ukuthi yini afuna kuthanda kuphela ngokwayo, ngakho bangakufanelekeli inkululeko zemizwa yangempela. imisebenzi Classic zothando ube enesiphetho esijabulisayo. The hero ngokuvamile iwina, futhi zonke izinkinga ukuqeda kahle. Nokho, le nkondlo ka-Aleksandru igcwaliswe akuyona ngempela enesiphetho esijabulisayo. Ngenxa yalesi ziba ongokoqobo futhi ukuphila, kanye okukhulu. Leyo drama kusenza siqonde kangcono ubunjalo iqhawe. Lokhu kuboniswa kahle yinkondlo "amaGypsy" (Pushkin).

Qala umsebenzi "Evgeniem Oneginym"

Izithombe somoya esivukelayo, abayisizwe esinamandla, echazwe eyalotshwa imbongi, uzoqhubeka khona, ekuzuzeni eziningi kangaka zikamoba kanye kancane kancane sebuqala. Eugene Onegin - iqhawe ubuso lolu hlobo lapho sizothola impilo entsha. Alexander waqala ukusebenza phezu noveli evesini eChisinau ngo-May 1823. Njengoba khumbula, isikhathi esichithwa eningizimu iPushkin - 1820-1824 (isixhumanisi eningizimu). Isifinyezo noveli "Eugene Onegin", laqedwa ngo-1831, - ngesihloko for esinye isihloko.

Ngakho, ngo-July 1824 yaphela isixhumanisi oseningizimu Pushkin. Imisebenzi abhalwe 1820-24 GG., Namanje ugqozi eziningi.