Umdlavuza wegum: izimpawu, ukwelashwa, ukubikezela

U-Oncocenter Blokhin ubika ukuthi isisu esinonya segamu singenye yezinhlobo ezintsha zezinambuzane. Izifo ezibangelwa isifo zibandakanya ukubhema, ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala, kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-HIV noma i-papillomavirus yabantu. Ukubonakaliswa komdlavuza we-gum akusobala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho-ke ngeke kutholakale kusengaphambili. Ukuxilongwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kungasheshisa inqubo yokutakula futhi kwandise izinga lokusinda. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpawu, ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu nokuphathwa kwesifo.

Izimbangela ze-neoplasm eyingozi

Ngezansi uhlu lwezimbangela zomdlavuza we- gum :

1. Aphthous stomatitis.
2. I-Herpes.
3. Izifo ezifayo.
4. Imithi ye-Chemotherapy.
5. I-carcinoma.
6. Izifo ezinzima (isibonelo, pemphigoid, pemphigus, lichen ebomvu flat).
7. Isifo se-Behcet.
8. I-allergic contact dermatitis etholakale ngenxa yomsebenzi wamazinyo.
9. I-Syndrome Stevens - Johnson.
10. I-syphilis eyinhloko.
11. Agranulocytosis noma i-leukopenia.
12. I-Histoplasmosis (ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezingenasifo sokuzivikela).

Ukubonakala okuyinhloko kwesifo

Izimpawu zomdlavuza wegamu zingase zihluke, kuye ngesiteji. Izimpawu zendawo zifaka:

• Ubuhlungu;
• Ubumbano;
• Izilonda ezithathelwanayo emasimini;
• Kunzima ukugwinya;
• Izimpawu;
• Izinkinga ngokudla okuhlafuna.

Ukugcina izimpumputhe kuyi-tumor eline-conered disc, ekhulisiwe ngobukhulu. Akuzona njalo ezibuhlungu.

Ezinye izimpawu zomdlavuza we- gum zingase zihlanganise ukwanda kwe-lymph nodes eyodwa noma ezimbili, ikakhulukazi entanyeni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-lymphedema futhi kungaba isibonakaliso sokuthi sesakaze ngaphesheya kwesikhumba somlomo, sibe ngamathisimu ajulile. Ezingeni elidlule, angaphonsa ama-metastase ema-lymph nodes nezinye izingxenye zomzimba, lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza akwazi ukwakha enye i-neoplasm.

Izimpawu ezinhlanu zomdlavuza womdlavuza:

1. Izinzwa ezibuhlungu.
2. I-Puffiness.
3. Shintsha ukuguqulwa kwe-pigmentation.
4. Ukutywinwa.
5. Izinsini zokuphuza.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamathumba kusho ukuthini? Kuyini?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezidumbu kuhloswe kubahlinzayo abahlinzayo, kunquma ukuthi i-neoplasm enkulu kangakanani, indawo yakhona kanye ne-symptomatology. Lolu lwazi lusiza udokotela anqume ngokuphathwa okulungile. Uvivinyo nolwazi lwe-X-ray, okuyinto isiguli esibophezelekile ukuba luyenze, luzosiza ukuxilonga umdlavuza futhi unikeza lonke ulwazi oludingekayo kudokotela. Uma kudingeka ukuhlinzwa, udokotela uzokunikeza isithombe esiphelele sokuthi uzokwenziwa kanjani, yiziphi izinkinga ezingase zibe khona.

Izinyathelo zokubunjwa kwezifo

Kunezigaba ezingu-5 zokwakheka okubi:

1. Isiteji esinqunyiwe yiyona ndlela yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa eyenzeka kuphela emgodini womlomo. Uma ungayiboni inqubo, khona-ke ingaba ngumdlavuza we-gum invasive. Izithombe ezincwadini zezokwelapha zisiza ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sifo sibheka kanjani izigaba ezahlukene.
2. Isigaba sokuqala ngumdlavuza owonakalayo. Kusho ukuthi yaqala ukusakazeka emathisini ajulile emgodini womlomo. I-neoplasm ayifinyelele ngaphezu kwe-2 cm, ayihlanganisi ama-tissue angomakhelwane, ama-lymph nodes.
3. Isigaba sesibili. Lesi sifo sifike ngobukhulu obungaphezu kwe-2 cm ububanzi. Esigabeni sesibili, umdlavuza wegamu awusakazeki kwezinye izitho.
4. Isigaba sesithathu sesifo sibonakala ukwanda kwe-neoplasm, engafinyelela ubukhulu obungaphezulu kuka-4 cm ngaphandle kwe-metastasis. Uma amangqamuzana omdlavuza asakazeka kwenye ye-lymph nodes, ubukhulu bawo abukho ngaphezu kuka-3 cm.
5. Umdlavuza wegum, isigaba 4. Ukwakhiwa kwezimbala kulesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:

• Wabeka ama-metastase ngezicubu ezungeze izindebe zakhe nomlomo.
• Isakazeka ku-lymph node eyodwa noma kokubili. Umdlavuza we-lymph node udlula u-6 cm.
• I-neoplasm yanda kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, njengamaphaphu noma amathambo.

Izindlela zokuxilonga zokuthola i-pathology

Ukutadisha izimbangela, izici eziyingozi kanye nezimpawu zizobonisa isithombe esiphelele sokuqala nokuqhubeka kwesifo. Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza wegum kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezinsini, ulimi, izindebe, umlomo. Kuqhutshwa emnyangweni wamazinyo, bese isiguli sithunyelwa nge-radiology. Futhi ekuhlolweni kwodokotela wamazinyo uhlola amantombazane lymph entanyeni, uma kukhona ukuvuvukala, umdlavuza wegamu awusona isigaba sokuqala, izinambuzane ezinobungozi eziyingozi zaqala ukusabalalisa.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola kuhlanganisa i-biopsy. Kuthathwa kumaseli athintekile, izicubu, izimpawu, ezibonisa ukwakheka okubi. Isampula ihlolwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuba khona kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ukuchazwa kwenkambo yesifo kuncike ekungenikeni kokuthuthukiswa kwe-neoplasm kanye nezizathu zokwakhiwa kwayo. Isibikezelo esihle kulindeleke ukuba iziguli ezithole umdlavuza wegum ekuqaleni.

Izinyathelo zokuzivikela kakhulu zandisa amathuba okuthola umdlavuza wegum. Izimpawu, izimpawu zokuqala kanye nokubonakaliswa kungabonakala kwedwa.

Izindlela ezivimbelayo

Imithi yokwelapha iqala ngokuvimbela. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zihlanganisa ukuyeka ukubhema nokusebenzisa imikhiqizo kagwayi engabheki (ugwayi wokuhlafuna). Kubalulekile futhi ukungathathi utshwala. Ubulili obuphephile kuyisilinganiso esidingekayo. Lokhu kungasiza ekugwemeni izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, njenge-papillomavirus yabantu (HPV), okwandisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo.

Ukuvimbela umdlavuza wegum kuhlanganisa:

• Ukuvakashelwa njalo emitholampilo yamazinyo;
• Ukwenqaba imikhuba emibi;
• Awukwazi ukusebenzisa izinto zensimbi ukususa izinsalela zokudla ezivela esikhaleni sokuvimbela;
• Ukunakekela kahle izinsini.

Ukuhlolwa njalo kuzokusiza odokotela ukuba babone lesi sifo ngokushesha, benze ukuhlolwa okudingekile ukuba khona kwezempilo.

I-Cancer Therapy

Umgomo jikelele wokwelapha isifo sofuba ukufeza ukuxolelwa okuphelele.

Inqubo yomuntu ngamunye, ngoba kungase kuhluke:

• Izimbangela nezimpawu;
• Izinhlobo zamangqamuzana omdlavuza;
• Izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa;
• Ubudala besiguli;
• Umlando wesifo.

U-Incocenter Blokhin ngokukhethekile kulokhu isifo, ukuqokwa kokwelashwa kwenzeka ngemuva kokubonisana kochwepheshe be-polyclinic yemvelo. Lokhu kungabandakanya i-oncologists, odokotela bamazinyo, i-oncologist-radiologist, izisebenzi zezokwelapha ezincane ezikhethekile ngomdlavuza we-gom.

Ukwelashwa kwazo zonke izigaba kusekelwe ekuhlinzekeni okuhlinzekwa ukukhipha isisu noma izicubu ezithintekile. Ezinye izicubu ezinempilo ezungeze indawo enegciwane ziyasuswa. Ukusebenza kungabandakanya ukususwa kwe-lymph nodes eseduze, uma kunengozi ukuthi umdlavuza waqala ukusakazeka kubo.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza we-gum kungafaka:

• Ukusebenza;
• I-Chemotherapy;
• Radiotherapy.

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ingozi yokubuya kwesifo, ugweme ukuphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukuvimbele ekuthuthukiseni kwenye indawo emzimbeni.

Izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuthola nokwelashwa kwezifo

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza we-gum kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-steroids ye-topical (Beclomethasone, Mometasone, Fluticasone) kanye ne-anesthetics yendawo (uLidocaine, Ubistezin, Septanest). Izilonda zinikezwa ekugxilweni kwezilonda.

Izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza zixhomeke kuhlobo kanye nezinga lokuthuthukiswa, ezinye izinkinga zezempilo zenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo nesifo. Namuhla izinhlobo zezenzakalo ezilandelayo ziyasetshenziswa:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwamazinyo okuvimbela nokutholakala kwezifo emlonyeni womlomo.
2. Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa: ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-tumor nama-lymph nodes (ngokuvamile ngokuvamile angasuswa).
3. Imishanguzo, i-biological (ingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nemisebe), ukwelashwa kwe-interstitial.
4. I-Chemotherapy.
5. Ukuvuselelwa emva kokungenelela kokuhlinzwa.
6. Ukululekwa ngokudla.
7. Ukwelashwa kwe-palliative kuyasetshenziswa lapho ukwelashwa okunamandla kungenakwenzeka noma isiguli senqaba indlela yokuhlinzwa.

Izibalo

Emadodeni, umdlavuza wegamu uvame kakhulu. Izithombe ezibonisa ukuthi i-pathology, iphakamisa ukuthi ingavame ukudideka nesilonda se-peptic. Abesifazane bahlushwa kakhulu ngenxa yezicubu ezimbi emathanjeni amancane.

Khumbula ukuthi izibalo ziyizinkomba ezijwayelekile ezisekelwe eningi lezifundo. Abakwazi ukubikezela ngokunembile lokho okuzokwenzeka kuwe. Azikho iziguli ezimbili ezinezimpendulo ezifanayo zokwelapha. Njengoba nje kungekho ziguli ezinezimpawu ezifanayo.

Umdlavuza we-gum uyisifo esibi kakhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kuthiwa ku-8% wabantu. Futhi, ukuthi iziguli ezingu-70% ezithole isigaba 1-2 sesifo zingaphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-5. Iziguli ezinezifo ezibhekene nalesi sifo, zizophila kancane.

Ukusinda kwabagulayo kuye kwanda eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 edlule, ngoba kukhona ukutholakala ngokushesha kwesifo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwelashwa okuphumelelayo. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi abantu abanegciwane le-papillomavirus labantu (HPV) baningi amathuba okuphulukisa kunabantu abangenawo.