Nobel Prize Russia neSoviet Union ngo-physics, ezomnotho, kanye nezincwadi

Nobel Imiklomelo anikezwa ngonyaka e Stockholm (Sweden) nase-Oslo (Norway). Basuke kubhekwe imiklomelo international yodumo. Umi yabo Alfred Nobel - IsiSwidi umsunguli sezilimi tycoon, sezifundo sefilosofi. Wehlela emlandweni njengoba umsunguli we-dynamite (okuyinto yomthetho e-1867), wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni zezimboni kule planethi yethu. Ngo ihlanganiswe ngu-Alfred Nobel itestamente watshelwa ukuthi yonke imali azisizi esikhwameni, ngenhloso okuyinto - yokunikeza imiklomelo zalabo kuletsa inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke esintwini.

UMklomelo KaNobel

Prize waklonyeliswa namuhla emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, i-physics, ezokwelapha, ekulobeni izincwadi. Futhi unikezwe Prize Ukuthula.

Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel sezincwadi, i-physics kanye nezezimali izokwethulwa kulesi sihloko. Uyoba bajwayelane Umlandvomphilo zabo, okwatholwa impumelelo.

Nobel intengo iphezulu. Ngo-2010, usayizi waso kwaba cishe $ 1.5 million.

Nobel Foundation yasungulwa ngo-1890.

Russian uMklomelo KaNobel laureates

Izwe lethu bangaziqhayisa amagama, mayimdumise emkhakheni physics, izincwadi kanye nakwezomnotho. Nobel Prize Russia neSoviet Union kulezi zindawo zimi kanje:

• Bunin I. A. (izincwadi) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. futhi Tamm, I. E. (physics) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (izincwadi) - 1958.
• Landau L. D. (physics) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. futhi Prohorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
• Sholohov M. A. (nezincwadi zokufunda) - 1965.
• USolzhenitsyn AI (izincwadi) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V (ezomnotho) - 1975.
• Kapitsa PL (physics) - 1978.
• Brodskiy I. A. (izincwadi) - 1987.
• Alferov zh I. (physics) -. 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. futhi Ginzburg, L. (physics) - 2003;
• Andre Geim futhi Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010.

Uhlu ngethemba uzoqhubeka eminyakeni elandelayo. Nobel Prize Russia ne-Soviet Union, amagama okuyinto thina ocashunwe ngenhla, banikezwe hhayi ngokugcwele, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezifana physics, izincwadi kanye nakwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi ezweni lethu zaziphawuleka kwezokwelapha izitho zomzimba, amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, futhi wathola imiklomelo emibili emhlabeni. Kodwa ngabo, sizobe ukukhuluma ezinye isikhathi futhi.

Abazuza izindondo zikaNobel e Physics

zesayensi eziningi ezweni lethu kwanikezelwa le ndondo ehlonishwayo. Sitshele kabanzi mayelana ezinye zazo.

Tamm, Igor Evgenevich

Tamm, Igor Evgenevich (1895-1971) wazalelwa e Vladivostok. Wayeyindodana we unjiniyela wezempi. Kuwo lo nyaka, ngineminyaka engu-eScotland University of Edinburgh, kodwa wabuyela ekhaya futhi waphothula ngo-1918 kusukela Faculty of Physics. Usosayensi Ikusasa waya phambi e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho afike wakhonza khona njengenceku umfowabo isihe. Ngo-1933 wamela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela, futhi ngemva konyaka, ngo-1934, waba umcwaningi e-Institute of Physics. Lebedev. Lokhu usosayensi bekasebenza emkhakheni wesayensi, okuye kancane wafunda. Ngakho, wafundiswa relativistic (ie, ehambisana ne-theory abadumile wokuhlobana kwezinto, ezihlongozwayo Albertom Eynshteynom) quantum Mechanics futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela nucleus yama-athomu. Ngo eko-30 ubudala ngasekupheleni ephethwe kanye I. M. Frankom ukuchaza umphumela Cherenkov-Vavilov - blue uketshezi kukhanya ukuthi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya gamma emisebeni ye. Kungenxa lezi izifundo kamuva wathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Kodwa Tamm, impumelelo wakhe oyinhloko isayensi kubhekwe umsebenzi cwaningo izinhlayiya aphansi nuclei athomu.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) wazalelwa e Baku. Uyise ubesebenza njengomshayeli unjiniyela petroleum. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka eyishumi nantathu, usosayensi esizayo waphothula ekolishi nge-honours, kanye nganoma nesishiyagalolunye, ngo-1927, wathola iziqu esuka kude impela eLeningrad University. Lev Davidovich baqhubeka imfundo yakhe phesheya njengoba omunye abanamakhono kakhulu abafundi iziqu e-ivawusha Commissar. Lapha wahlanganyela seminar olwenziwa ehola zesayensi European - Paul Dirac kanye noMax Born. Landau lapho bebuyela ekhaya waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Eminyakeni 26, ifinyelele degree of Doctor of Science, futhi kamuva ngonyaka waba uprofesa. Bekanye Lifshitsem Evgeniem Mihaylovichem, omunye wabafundi bakhe, uthando lwakhe lokuhlola amazwe Yebo abafundi iziqu kanye undergraduate physics theory. P. L. Kapitsa abamenyiwe Lva Davidovicha ukusebenza sikhungo sakhe, kodwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva usosayensi ngo-1937 ku-ukulahlwa amanga waboshwa. Kwaphela unyaka wonke kungenzeki wayengenathemba khulula esejele, ngalo kanye nenombolo yeriferensi kuphela Stalin Kapitsa wasindisa ukuphila ukuphila kwakhe: Landau wadedelwa.

I ithalente usosayensi kwaba enezici. Wachaza lo mkhuba fluidity ane-helium ketshezi, wadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela quantum uketshezi futhi wafundelwa oscillations ka-electron-plasma.

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich futhi Basov Nikolay Gennadevich, Russian Nobel Prize sciences physics, wathola le ndondo ehlonishwayo i kokusungulwa laser.

Prokhorov owazalelwa e-Australia ngo-1916, lapho abazali bakhe abase behlale kulo kusukela 1911. Bona zadingiselwa eSiberia nguhulumeni tsarist, base begcwala phesheya. Ngo-1923, umndeni wabuyela usosayensi esizayo eSoviet Union. Alexander iziqu honours ezivela eMnyangweni Physics kweLeningrad University futhi wasebenza kusukela ngo-1939 e-Institute. Lebedev. Izimpumelelo zakhe zesayense ezihlobene physics umsakazo. Usosayensi Wathunjwa ngo-1950 futhi umsakazo-imvamisa spectroscopy ngokuhlanganyela Basovym Nikolaem Gennadevichem bahlakulele okuthiwa masers - oscillators yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalesi okusunguliwe, bathole indlela ukudala amagagasi omsakazo kanzulu. Ukufunda ngezinto ezinjalo, kungakhathaliseki ozakwabo Soviet kuyenziwa Charlz Tauns, i-physics American, ngakho amalungu ekomidi wanquma ukuhlanganyela lesi umklomelo phakathi kwakhe ososayensi Soviet.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Uhlu kuqhubeka "Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel physics". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) wazalelwa e Kronstadt. Uyise wayengumGreki indoda wezempi, uLieutenant-General, nonina - ngalendoda of temdzabu uthisha odumile. PL Kapitsa ngo-1918 iziqu Institute Petersburg, lapho afundela khona ngaphansi Ioffe Abrama Fedorovicha, i-physics oluvelele. Emongweni kwempi yombango nokuvukela kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza isayensi. unkosikazi Kapitsa namabili izingane zakhe, bashona ngesikhathi ubhubhane yesifo sezintwala. Usosayensi wathuthela eNgilandi ngo-1921. Lapha wasebenza abadumile eCambridge University Centre kanye nomeluleki kwalo ngokwesayensi Ernest Rutherford physics esidumile. Ngo-1923, Peter Leonidovich waba udokotela wesayensi, ngemva kweminyaka emibili sathola - ilungu eTrinity College - inhlangano enelungelo eliphakeme ososayensi.

UPyotr Leonidovich wasebenza ikakhulukazi physics zokuhlola. cryogenics ikakhulukazi nesithakazelo. Ikakhulukazi izifundo zakhe e-UK ngosizo we uRutherford Laboratory lakhiwa, futhi ngo-1934, usosayensi kudale ukufakwa ngenxa liquefaction ane-helium. ngokuvamile Petr Leonidovich kuleyo minyaka esesekhaya, futhi ekuhambeleni ubuholi Soviet ukukholisa usosayensi ukuhlala. Eminyakeni 1930-1934 ngisho elakhiwe ngokukhethekile laboratory kuleli zwe ngaye. Ekugcineni-ke nje awuzange ukhululeka Union ngesikhathi ekuhambeleni okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke Kapitsa nezifundo zakhe kakade lapha, futhi wakwazi ngo-1938 ukuvula mkhuba superfluidity. Ngenxa yalesi ngo-1978 yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel.

Andre Geim futhi Novoselov Konstantin

Andre Geim futhi Novoselov Konstantin, Russian Nobel Prize ngo-physics, wathola le ndondo zokuhlonipha ngo-2010 i-akuthola Graphene. Lena izinto ezintsha elikuvumela ukwandisa kakhulu ijubane imisebenzi internet. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, kungaba wasithatha futhi ukuguqula energy kagesi umthamo wokukhanya izikhathi 20 ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi izinto ezazaziwa. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso ngomhla 2004. Ngakho kwathiwa isipikili uhlu "Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel kwekhulu lama-21."

Prize Wezincwadi

izwe Besiphila abadumile ngobuciko bayo kwezobuciko njalo. Abantu ne imibono ngezinye izikhathi leyehlukile ukubukwa - Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel ezincwadini. Ngakho, A. I. uSolzhenitsyn futhi I. A. Bunin ayemelene umbuso wamaSoviet. Kodwa M. A. Sholohov wayaziwa njengomuntu ophansi lamaKhomanisi okuqina. Nokho, bonke abawinile uMklomelo KaNobel Russia babehlanganiswa eyodwa - ithalente. Ngaye, base ahlonishwe nale umklomelo ehlonishwayo. "Bangaki Nobel Prize sezincwadi Russia?" - ubuza. Impendulo: kukhona ezinhlanu kuphela. Manje sethula wena ezinye zazo.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) Ngazalelwa eMoscow emkhayeni Leonida Osipovicha Pasternaka, umdwebi odumile. Umama womlobi esizayo Rosalia Isidorovna, kwaba wopiyano abanamakhono. Mhlawumbe yilesi sizathu esenza Boris Leonidovich njengoba ingane ngiphuphe umsebenzi umqambi, waze wafunda umculo kakhulu Skryabina A. N. Kodwa uthando izinkondlo iwine. Boris Leonidovich udumo alethwe izinkondlo noveli "Doctor Zhivago", enikelwe isiphetho nezazi isiRashiya, ethi makabethelwe sizi. Iqiniso ukuthi abahleli umagazini tetemibhalo, lapho umbhali ahlinzekwa wesandla bakhe, umsebenzi kubhekwa emelene ngempela namaSoviet futhi wenqaba nikumemezele. Khona-ke Boris Leonidovich wanika indalo yakhe phesheya, e-Italy, lapho eyanyatheliswa ngo-1957. nozakwethu Soviet Eqinisweni kushicilelwe noveli eNtshonalanga roundly wabalahla, futhi Boris Leonidovich waxoshwa Writers 'Union. Kodwa le ndaba eqanjiwe wamenzela umklomelo kaNobel winner. Kusukela ngo-1946, umlobi futhi imbongi abaphakanyiselwe le ndondo, kodwa ukhishwa kuphela ngo-1958.

Ekunikezelweni le ndondo ehlonishwayo kuleli, mayelana nokuthi zinengi, umkhiqizo yezwe lenkaba emelene ngempela namaSoviet has iziphathimandla uyathukuthela. Ngenxa yalokho, BL ezisengozini uxoshwe ezazivela eSoviet Union waphoqeleka ukuba ukuphuma ekutholeni uMklomelo KaNobel. Kuphela emva kweminyaka 30 Evgeny, indodana umbhali omkhulu, uyise ngithola indondo futhi diploma.

USolzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich

Isiphetho Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha kwakungekho okukhulu kancane futhi ezithakazelisayo. Wazalwa ngo-1918 e Kislovodsk, futhi yobuntwana neminyaka yokuqala Ngokuzayo kaNobel senzeka ngo Rostov-on-Don futhi Novocherkassk. Ngemva kokuphothula Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Rostov University Aleksandr Isaevich wayenguthisha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, engekho wafundiswa e Moscow, ngesikhathi Literary Institute. Ngemva kokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, owaphuma esizayo ohlonishwa kakhulu ukuthula umklomelo waya ngaphambili.

USolzhenitsyn, ngaphambi nje kwempi, waboshwa. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukugxekwa kwakhe Iosifa Stalina amakheli atholakala ku izinhlamvu umbhali ukucwaninga lempi. Kuphela ngo-1953, ngemva kokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha, bamdedela. Umagazini "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha" ngo-1962 eshicilelwe noveli yokuqala yilo kumbhali enesihloko esithi "Ngolunye usuku Ivana Denisovicha" Sitshela ngokuphila kwabantu ekamu. omagazini Literary iningi okulandelayo imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn ukuphrinta wenqaba. Isizathu ukubabiza orientation emelene ngempela namaSoviet. Kodwa Aleksandr Isaevich akazange adikibale. Yena, njengo Pasternak wathumela phesheya wemibhalo yakhe, lapho baye banyathelisa. Ngo-1970, owazuza uMklomelo e nezincwadi zokufunda waklonyeliswa kuye. Emcimbini wokwamukeliswa umklomelo ku umbhali Stockholm Angiyanga, ngoba iziphathimandla zaseSoviet akazange avunyelwe ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe. Ngo elaseSoviet Union akuvumelekile, futhi abameleli leKomiti kaNobel, uyahamba banikeze winner umklomelo ezweni lakubo.

Ngokuphathelene isiphetho umbhali, ngo-1974 waxoshwa kuleli zwe. Ekuqaleni wayehlala Switzerland, wathuthela e-US lapho ayekhona wanika Sekuhlwe kakhulu uMklomelo KaNobel. E-West, yanyatheliswa imisebenzi yakhe baziwa "njengelinye Archipelago Gulag" "Amagama lokuqala," "Umdlavuza Lesigceme." USolzhenitsyn ngo-1994 wabuyela eRussia.

Lawa abazuza izindondo zikaNobel Russia. Uhlu kwahambisana elinye igama, okungase angeke sehluleke ingasaphathwa.

Sholohov Mihail Aleksandrovich

Thina uzokutshela mayelana ngomunye wabalobi Omkhulu Patriotic - Sholohove Mihaile Aleksandroviche. Isiphelo sakhe kwakuhlukile kuka nezitha kokubusa kweSoviet (Pasternak futhi uSolzhenitsyn), ngoba isekela isimo. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) wazalelwa e-Don. Wachaza ke Veshenskaia, lakubo elincane, emisebenzini eminingi. Mikhail Sholokhov eseqedile esikoleni 4 kuphela. Wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo impi yombango ezaholela ukhetha okusanhlamvu izinsalela kusukela abacebile Cossacks suborder. Umlobi esizayo yayisivele ebusheni bakhe wazizwa ukubizwa kwakhe. Ngo-1922 wafika eMoscow, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa waqala ukusakaza omagazini namaphephandaba izindaba zabo kuqala. Ngo-1926, kwakunamacala amaqoqo "asemaqeleni azure" futhi "izindaba Don". Ngo-1925 waqala umsebenzi phezu noveli "Futhi epholile Flows Don", elalinikezelwe ukuphila we Cossacks esikhathini esibucayi (Yombango Revolution, iMpi Yezwe I). Ngo-1928 kwathi ukukhanyisa ingxenye yokuqala yalo msebenzi, futhi 30s yaqedwa futhi baba phezulu Sholokhov zokudala. Ngo-1965, umlobi uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Wezincwadi.

Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel e Economics

Izwe lethu kule nsimu wazibonakalisa akunjalo zizinkulu ezincwadini yemvelo, lapho kukhona okuningi ababethole Russian. Prize kwezomnotho kwaba namanje nje kuphela omunye compatriot yethu. Sitshele kabanzi ngayo.

Kantorovich leonid Vitalevich

Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel kwezomnotho amelwa igama elilodwa kuphela. Kantorovich leonid Vitalevich (1912-1986) kuyinto Economist kuphela Russia ukuba ukhishwa lo mklomelo. Yena usosayensi owazalelwa emndenini likadokotela Petersburg. Abazali bakhe phakathi nempi yombango, wabalekela Belarus, lapho afike achitha khona ngonyaka. Vitaly Kantorowicz, uyise Kantorovich washona ngo-1922. Ngo-1926, usosayensi esizayo langena eshiwo ngenhla Leningrad University, lapho afundela khona, ngaphezu ngesayensi yemvelo, umlando wesimanje, umnotho zezombusazwe, izibalo. Faculty of Mathematics kanye wathola iziqu eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, ngo-1930. Ngemva kwalokho Kantorovich wahlala eyunivesithi njengoba uthisha. Ngezinye 22, leonid V iba Uprofesa, futhi ngemva konyaka - nakudokotela. Ngo-1938 wamiswa njengombonisi ifektri lab consultant ipulangwe, lapho umsebenzi wokudala ezahlukene isisetshenziswa Kwabiwa indlela nokukhulisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi okuhleliwe phambi kwakhe. Ngakho yasungulwa indlela thusi lwezinhlelo. Ngo-1960 usosayensi wathutha eNovosibirsk, lapho ngaleso sikhathi isikhungo computer yadalwa, eziphambili kakhulu kuleli zwe. Lapha waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Ngo Novosibirsk usosayensi owahlala khona bekwafika 1971. Ngalesi sikhathi yena yanikezelwa eLenin Prize. Ngo-1975 yena yanikezelwa, kanye T. Koopmans uMklomelo KaNobel, ayamukela ngeqhaza lakhe kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isisetshenziswa Kwabiwa.

Lawa main Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel. 2014 kwaphawulwa Uthola le Prize Patrick Modiano (izincwadi), Isamu Akasaki, uHiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Zhan Tirol wathola umklomelo emkhakheni othile wezomnotho. Phakathi kwabo kukhona Russian abazuza izindondo zikaNobel. 2013 wayisa le ndondo ehlonishwayo i bakithi. Zonke abawinile babe abameleli bamazwe.