Umdlavuza wempuphu wamaphaphu: izigaba, ukwelashwa, umlando wezokwelapha. I-peripheral lobe carcinoma

Muva nje, kuye kwaba nomkhuba wokunyuka kwenani lezifo zomdlavuza. Izinto eziningi zithonya lokhu. Esinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu yisifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukwenzeka kwabo eminyakeni embalwa edlule kuye kwanda kakhulu, futhi kuwo wonke amazwe. Ngokuvamile, amadoda angamahloni, kodwa abesifazane abadluli inkinga.

Yini umdlavuza wamaphaphu ?

Emazweni amaningi, i-oncology ibhekwa njengesizathu esisodwa sezizathu zokufa kwangaphambili. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza, izicubu emaphashini zivela kaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaseli avamile ayeka ukusebenza njengangaphambili futhi aqale ukuhlukaniswa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ngakho kukhona isisu esinomdlavuza.

Kungaba nesakhiwo esihlukile se-hertological, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwimeko ngayinye kubonakala ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwayo. Uma kukhona i- squamous cell carcinoma ehlukene , bese ikhula kancane kancane, engahambisani nalokho, ngokuphambene nalokho, ihluke ngokukhula okusheshayo kanye nekhono lokunikeza imithi ejulile.

Ngokuvamile lesi sifo siqala kwenye yamaphaphu, ngokuvamile kaningi umdlavuza we-peripheral we-lobe wamaphaphu. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lesi sifo sitholakala kwi-lobes engenhla. Kukhona ukushintshaniswa komoya kanye nesakhiwo esilula kakhulu se-bronchus. Cishe ngendlela eqondile iqhubeka ne-trachea, okusho ukuthi zonke izinto ezilimazayo zingena ngaphakathi zingenakunyakaziswa.

Izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu

Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqala kwenqubo yokukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kungenxa yephutha lomuntu siqu. Ukunganaki impilo yabo kuholela emiphumeleni enjalo engozini. Ngokuvamile, umdlavuza wamaphaphu we-peripher uqala ukuthuthukisa ngezizathu ezilandelayo:

Ukubhema. Lesi esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu neziyinhloko zokuvela kwesifo. Ebhemeni yocingo iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobungozi nezinobuthe, nazo eziyi-carcinogens. Ngokuvamile ama-75-90% azo zonke izimo zokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza zihlobene nokubhema. Lapha kungenzeka ukuthi uthwale ukubhema okungapheli . Abanye odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi kuyingozi nakakhulu kunokubhema ugwayi ngokuqondile.

2. Izici zezobuchwepheshe, phakathi kwazo izindawo ezikhethekile ezithatha izinto ezilandelayo eziyingozi :

• I-nickel nezinhlanganisela zayo;
• I-Arsenic;
• Radon nemikhiqizo yayo yokubola;
• Amakhadi amalahle.

3. Ukungcola kwamanzi. Lesi simo singabonwa hhayi kuphela ensimini yenkampani ebungozi, kodwa futhi kanye nemigwaqo yemigwaqo, ngisho nangaphezulu kwamandla. Inani lalezo zifunda kanye nemizi, lapho kunezinkampani ezithwala imfucuza, ukuhlanzwa kwamakhemikhali kanye namafutha, kubhekene ikakhulukazi.

4. Umoya ongcolile ezindaweni zokuhlala. Lokhu kungafakela kuphela ukubhema kwamafulethi, kodwa nokungcoliswa okuhlobene no-radon kanye nezakhi zalo, okuvame ukuqukethwe:

• Ezakhiweni zokwakha ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha nokuhlobisa izakhiwo;
• Emanzini okuphuza.

5. Umthelela wamanye amagciwane ku-DNA yeseli.

6. I-genetic predisposition, kodwa nalesi sifo indima yayo incane kakhulu.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke lezi zici zisebenza njengama synergists maqondana nomunye nomunye, okungaba amathuba okuvusa umdlavuza wamaphaphu wendawo.

Izinhlobo

Ezokwelapha, kunezinhlawulo eziningana zamathumbu emaphaphu. Uma sicabangela ilungiselelo elithombeni, singahlukanisa:

1. Umdlavuza weCentral, uqala ngqo ngaphakathi kwe-bronchi, uhlukaniswe ngokuthi:

• Endobronchial;
• I-Peribronchial;
• Kuhlanganisiwe.

2. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu we-peripheral ubonakala ngendlala ekhona emaphashini. Iphinde ihlukaniswe ibe:

• I-tumor ejikelezayo;
  
• I-pneumonia-like;
• I-Cancer yesiphetho sephaphu.

Umdlavuza wesizwe uvele kabili kaningi, futhi phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezimweni eziningi, umdlavuza wendawo yokuphazamiseka kwesifo sephaphu utholakala.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokugula azifani nje nesakhiwo esithile, kepha futhi nasesikhathini samanje, futhi, ngokufanele, ngezindlela zokwelashwa.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza we-peripheral

Isifo esivela ngokuqondile emathisini emaphaphu unezici zayo ezihlukile:

1. I-tumor ejikelezayo ngokuvamile ivela ngendlela yokwakheka okwesibindi, ezimweni ezingavamile kufana nesibonakaliso sendlela engavamile. Izicubu zingathintana noma cha ngezimpawu ze-bronchi.
2. Umdlavuza ofana ne-pneumonia wabizwa ngokuthi ufana nokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic.
3. I-Cancer ye-pepe yamaphaphu ivame ukuvela engxenyeni ye-apical futhi ikwazi ukukhula ibe yizimbambo ze-1st kanye no-2, kanye nezinqubo ze-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho. Ngaphambi kwalolu hlobo lobuhlungu lungabonakala endaweni yehlombe kanye nesiphambano.

Njengoba umdlavuza ungaba yi-enclosed encane futhi engekho encane-efakwe, kuyadingeka ukuthi uthole nge-biopsy, ngoba ukwelashwa kulezi zimo kuhlukile.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza we-peripheral

Lolu hlobo lwesifo ezigabeni zokuqala zentuthuko yalo alubonakali. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayikho imitholampilo ebuhlungu emaphashini. Njengoba lesi sifo sikhula, ama-bronchi, ama-pleura kanye nezitho ezingomakhelwane sebevele bahilelekile kule nqubo.

Kulo mzuzu, izimpawu ziqala ukuvela ngokucacile ngokucacile:

• Kukhona ukukhwehlela nge-sputum, kungase kube ne-streaks yegazi.
• Izwi liyancipha.
• Kukhona isifo sokucindezeleka kwe-vena cava ephezulu.
• Njengomdlavuza wesifo wamaphaphu uqhubeka, i-dyspnea ivela.
• Ubuthakathaka jikelele.
• Ukudakwa komzimba.
• Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo.
• Ukushisa komzimba kungakhula.
• Uma umdlavuza we-peripheral we-lobe engenhla we-lung yangakwesokunxele kutholakala, kungase kube nobuhlungu ehlombe, entanyeni, ubuthakathaka emisipha yesandla, umbono obuthakathaka.

Ngezigaba zakamuva izinkinga ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlanganisiwe ziqala ukuvela. Ukufa, njengomthetho, kuvela emasimini amaningi, i-pneumonia engumdlavuza nokukhathala okukhulu komzimba.

Uma lezi zimpawu zenzeka, kubalulekile ukuvakashela udokotela ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, akuzona izigulane ezingama-100% zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa kungcono ukuziqinisekisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngomdlavuza we-peripheral, izimpawu zivela kamuva kakhulu kunaphakathi.

Ukuxilongwa kwesifo

Isibonakaliso esisodwa kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okungeziweko akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukuhlonza okunembile, ikakhulukazi kakhulu. Uma, ngokusho kwezikhalo zakho, udokotela uqala ukusola ukuthi kukhona isisu, kuhlolwe ukuhlolwa okugcwele, okufaka izinhlobo ezinjengalezi:

• I-Radiography.
• Ukucacisa ukuxilongwa - i-computed tomography.
• I-bronchoscopy.
• Ukuphikisa - ukucacisa ukuhlukahluka kwesisu.

Lezi zifundo eziyisisekelo kuphela, ngaphandle kwalokho okungenakwenzeka ukuba zihlolwe kahle. Ukungasho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwegazi, izivivinyo zomchamo, ukuhlolwa kwe-ECG kuyadingeka, nezinye izifundo ziqhutshwa.

Emva kwemiphumela etholakalayo yokuhlolwa, udokotela ozofika uzoqokwa ngezinqubo zokwelapha.

Izigaba zomdlavuza we-peripheral

Noma yisiphi isisu esinomdlavuza sidlula ngezigaba eziningana ekuthuthukiseni kwayo. Ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukucacisa ukuthi isifo sikhulele kangakanani emzimbeni, futhi ukhethe izindlela zokwelapha.

Uma umdlavuza wesifo wamaphaphu uqala, lezi zigaba zilandelayo:

1. Uma lokhu kungenhlobo encane yeseli yomdlavuza, izigaba ezine ziyahlukaniswa:

• I-1st ibhekene ne-tumor encane esendaweni eyodwa emaphashini.
• Isiteji sesibili sibonakaliswa yisifo esivulekile esithatha ama-lymph nodes epulazini eligulayo.
• Esigabeni sesithathu, lesi sifo sikhulu futhi sisezintanjeni zelliphini emathisini phakathi kwamaphaphu.
• Isigaba sesine yisona esibi kakhulu - umdlavuza uphonswa emaphashini aphilile, ama-metastases avela kwezinye izitho.

2. Umdlavuza omuncu omncane unamazinga amabili kuphela:

• Lesi sifo sitholakala endaweni eyodwa kwesigamu sesifuba.
• Inqubo evamile ibamba izingxenye zombili zesifuba, ama-metastases atholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zangaphakathi.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza we-lung peripheral

Ukuhlukana esiteji sale njongo kukhona, ukuze udokotela angakwazi ukucacisa ngokuqondile izindlela zokwelapha. Esigabeni ngasinye sokuthuthukiswa kwesifo, izindlela zokwelashwa zingase zihluke futhi zibe nezici zazo siqu.

Futhi, iminyaka yesiguli izoba nomthelela ekukhethweni kwezinqubo zokwelapha, uma ukuxilongwa kutholakala nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, umlando wesifo ubuye ucatshangelwe ngaphambi kokubeka imithi. Abanye abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zomuthi wendabuko ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthola umdlavuza, kodwa ukusebenza kwabo akuzange kubonakaliswe, izindlela zokwelashwa ezisemthethweni kuphela ezizosiza ekulwa nesifo futhi zikhulise impilo yesiguli.

Kufanele baphathwe yi-oncologist. Kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo zomdlavuza, izindlela zokwelashwa zihlukile, ngokujwayelekile, zisetshenziswa:

1. I-Chemotherapy.
2. Ukuvezwa kwemisebe.
3. Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza ongasona omncane weseli

Uma ingekho-encane ye-cell peripheral carcinoma ye-lung yangakwesokunxele itholakale, isibonelo, ukungenelela okuhlinzekwayo kuboniswa ngezigaba zokuqala nezibili. Udokotela ususa ingxenye yamaphaphu athintekile noma wonke uma isisu sikhulu.

Uma ukuhlinzwa kwenziwa esigabeni sesibili sokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kunqunywe, kuhlanganisa:

• Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kuyinto irradiation ebulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• I-Chemotherapy nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezibhubhisa isisu.

Uma lesi sifo sesivele sesiteji sesithathu, okokuqala, ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kuboniswa, kulandelwa yi-chemotherapy kanye ne-irradiation.

Ngemuva kokwelashwa, kubalulekile ukuvakashela i-oncologist njalo, ngesikhathi sokusola ukuthi lesi sifo sibuyele futhi uqale ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi uma isiguli singakaze sihlukane nokubhema kwakhe ekubhemeni, khona-ke ukubuyela emuva kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu.

Uma lesi sifo sifinyelela esigabeni sesine, akunakwenzeka ukuphulukisa isiguli, kungenzeka ukuba sikhulise kancane kancane, besebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokwelapha njengezigaba ezintathu zokuqala zesifo.

Small cell carcinoma kanye nokwelashwa kwayo

Leli fomu lihlukaniswe ngokukhula kwalo okusheshayo kanye nemithambo yokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, i-chemotherapy iyimpoqo.

Ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kuvame ukuqhutshwa uma isiteji kusenesikhathi futhi akukho metastases okwamanje. Kodwa odokotela baqaphela ukuthi ngisho nokususwa, bese kuthi i-irradiation ayinikezi isiqinisekiso esingu-100% sokuphulukiswa okuphelele.

Ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kweziguli futhi uthuthukise ikhwalithi yayo kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kwe-chemotherapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Izifundo okungenani ezine kufanele zigcwaliswe.

Kuthiwa ukuthi uma uhlanganisa zonke izindlela zokwelashwa, lokhu kuhlinzeka ngomphumela omkhulu kunokuba uwasebenzise ngokwahlukana. Isibonelo, emva kokuvuselelwa kwe-chemotherapy kuvele ngamacala angaphezu kuka-80%, ngemuva kokugcoba - ku-33%, futhi uma kuhlanganisiwe, bese kuba neziguli ezingu-28% kuphela.

Ukuqhuba i-chemotherapy kuhlale kuwumthwalo omkhulu emzimbeni, hhayi zonke iziguli ngokuvamile ezibekezelela le nqubo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuyiqhuba ngokugcwele. Esikhathini ngasinye, udokotela ubeka imithi kanye nenhlanganisela yabo, uhlelo lokusebenza nesilinganiso sokwelashwa.

Isibikezelo

Uma i-peripheral umdlavuza wamaphaphu itholakala, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ukubikezela akubi. Konke kuncike ngesikhathi sokuthola lesi sifo: okuqala kuyatholakala, ukwelashwa kakhudlwana.

Njengoba umdlavuza we-peripheral utholakala ngezigaba zokuqala ngokungajwayelekile ngenxa yokungabikho kobuhlungu, ngisho nangenhlanganisela yezokwelapha ezahlukene, izinga lokusinda kweziguli ezingakapheli iminyaka emihlanu lingama-40% kuphela.

Uma ukwelashwa kungenzi nhlobo, iziguli ezingu-90% ziyafa zingakapheli iminyaka emibili emva kokutholakala komdlavuza womzimba we-lobe engenhla yephaphu elifanele.

Ukuxilongwa kwesifo kulezi zinyathelo zokuqala kungenzeka ngosizo lwe-fluoroscopy, ngakho-ke ungayinaki i-prophylaxis yonyaka, ikakhulukazi njengoba impilo yethu ixhomeke kuyo. I-Cancer yisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, esizigaba zokuqala asifuni ukuzibonakalisa, futhi ezikhathini ezizayo ngezinye izikhathi sephuzile kakhulu ukwenza noma yini.

Ukuvimbela

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela okwamanje zifanelekile, ngokuhlinzeka ngokufa okuphezulu kusuka emdlashini wamaphaphu kanye nesifo esenzeka njalo. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

1. Ukwelapha nokuvimbela izifo zamaphaphu ezivuthayo.
2. Ukulahla ngokugcwele ukubhema.
3. Ukwelashwa kwezilonda ezinobuthi emaphashini.
4. I-neutralization yezici eziyingozi ekukhiqizeni.
5. Ukugwema imiphumela yezici ze-carcinogen ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
6. Kudlula ukufiphaza kwamanzi okungenani kanye ngonyaka.

Zonke lezi zinyathelo azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi u-100% wesifo ngeke ufike kuwe, kodwa ingozi ye-oncology izokwehla kakhulu. Isimo sengqondo sokucophelela wena kanye nempilo yakho kuzokuvumela ukuba ubone lesi sifo esiteshini sokuqala, lapho ukwelashwa kunganikeza umphumela omuhle.