Umfula iKuma: incazelo nesithombe

UMfula iKuma eStatropol Territory uhamba ikakhulukazi kule ndawo, ehlanganiswe nesihlabathi. Igama lokusakaza lihlotshaniswa nalesi sici esithile. Kusukela olimini lwesiTurkey igama elithi "kum" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "isihlabathi". Umlando womfula uqala emakhulwini e-I-III BC. Sekudlule kulezi zinsuku, izazi-mlando ziphawula ukutholakala kwabahlali bokuqala emazweni aseduze nommbizi, ababesebenza kwezolimo, ukuzalisa izinkomo, ubuciko bokuqala babonakala. Emakhulwini e-XI-XIII, umfula iKuma wawunezinombolo zePolovtsian; Izakhamuzi ngokwazo zizibiza ngokuthi "ama-kumans". Namuhla, eduze kwesitsha, amadolobha aseMineralnye Vody, eBudennovsk, e-Alexandria naseSuvorovskaya, eKrasnokumskoye, eLevokumskoye, eSoldato-Aleksandrovskoye, e-Arkhangelskoye nasePraskoveya. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-350 000 bahlala emanzini omfula iKuma namhlanje.

I-Geography yomfula

I-Kuma ivela emzaneni waseVerkhnyaya Mara, iKarachay-Cherkess Republic, emithambekeni enyakatho yeRyyy Range (ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2100). Lapha ichibi lingabizwa ngokuthi umfula wezintaba. Endaweni ye-Mineralnye Vody, ukugeleza kuqhuma ethafeni, lapho okwamanje kuthula khona. Iphelela esigabeni seNogai. Esiqhingini saseCaspian esiseduze nedolobha laseNeftekumsk, uMfula iKuma uhlukaniswe ngamagatsha amancane amancane ahamba phambili aya eLwandle lweCaspian, kodwa alufinyelelwanga. Ngokuphelele, ukugeleza kwenzeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezine zezwe lethu: ama-republic of Dagestan, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia naseStatropol Territory.

Ama-tributaries

Ubude bomfula bungu-802 km, indawo yesisekelo sayo ingamakhilomitha-skwele angu-33,500. Emzaneni waseKrasnokumsk (esifundeni saseGeorgievsky), i-tributary igeleza i-Kumu-r. I-Bastard. Libhekisela ekugezeni kwangaphakathi kwebhange kwangaphakathi. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yisiphi isitsha semithombo yamanzi esingokwakhe, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi uMfula iKuma ugeleza kuphi. Kuqondene nolwandle lwaseCaspian.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifula yeDaria neZolka igeleza ingene endaweni efanele. Ngakwesobunxele - iTomuzlovka, iDry Karamik, Wet Karamyk, Surkul, Dry Buffalo, Wet Buffalo.

Isici

UMfula iKuma udla ikakhulukazi emvula kanye neqhwa. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba kuze kube sekuqaleni kukaMashi, kuyisiqhwaga, ngo-Mashi-Ephreli, iqhwa liyancibilika, kudonsa amanzi echibini. Esikhathini esedlule, izikhukhula eziphezulu zaqoshwa ngezikhathi zentwasahlobo, futhi izikhukhula zivame futhi lapha. Kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuJuniya kukhona amanzi aphezulu. Ehlobo, izinga lamanzi lingakhuphuka kumamitha amahlanu.
Isilinganiso sokukhishwa kwamanzi minyaka yonke ngu-10.6 cubic metres. M, izinga lokugeleza elijwayelekile lihlelwe ku-0.33 m3. I-Km ngonyaka.

Ubungqayizivele bomfula iKuma ngamanzi ayo anodaka. Lokhu kubangelwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Ngokusho kwemithombo, cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-600 ezibonakalayo zenziwa minyaka yonke. Ezikhathini zezikhukhukhula nezikhukhula, lesi sibonakaliso sanda kakhulu. Kulokhu, umfula iKuma usetshenziselwa ukuchelela izindawo ezimeleyo zesifunda.

Ngaphambi kwedolobha laseMineralnye Vody, okwamanje kulesi sikhukhula kuningi kakhulu, futhi emva kokufinyelela esifundeni esicacile kuba nokuzola.

Imfanelo yamanzi

Ikhwalithi yamanzi ekugeleza kulo lonke ubude bayo alifani. Emithonjeni, ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, kunezici ezincane: lapha kunamakhemikhali amaningi e-calcium-hydrocarbonate. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, inani lemaminerali liyancishiswa kakhulu, kubonakala ukuthi kukhona ama-sulfate. Yingakho umfula i-Kuma eStevropol Territory unamanzi aphansi amancane, afanelwe izici zawo kubantu abangcolile, abangafaneleki ukuphuza.

I-reservoir nama-canals

Emfuleni oseduze nomuzi wase-Otkaznoye igumbi legama elifanayo ladalwa. Ngemuva kokubunjwa kwayo, amanzi ayencipha kakhulu. Isibungu sokufakelwa kubhekwa njengenye yezindawo eziningi ezinhlanzi. Kule ndaba, unyaka wonke uyabamba, kokubili ochwepheshe kanye nabamateur. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-70 zezinhlanzi, phakathi kwazo iningi liyi-minnow, i-crucian carp, i-bream, i-pike perch ne-perch.

Ngaphandle kwamanzi, imigodi emibili yokunisela yakhiwa ekusakazeni kweKuma - Kumo-Manych naseTersko-Kum. Kuzo futhi amanzi adluliselwa echibini lemifula eminingana (East Manych, njll), lapho kuqhutshwa khona, ngemuva kwalokho okunikezwa kubathengi.