Uphi ungqimba lwe-ozone? Uyini ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi kungani ukubhujiswa kwalo kulimaza?

I-ozonosphere ingqimba yomkhathi weplanethi yethu, egcina ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ye-spectrum ultraviolet. Ezinye izinhlobo zelanga zilimaza izilwane eziphilayo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-ozonosphere iba mncane, enezikhala zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene obuvela kuyo. Ngezimbobo ezivela emhlabathini ongakwazi ukungena ngokukhululekile emisebeni eyingozi. Uphi ungqimba lwe - ozone? Yini engingayenza ukuze ngiyisindise? Ingxoxo yalezi zinkinga ze geography kanye nemvelo yeMhlaba inikelwe esihlokweni esihlongozwayo.

Uyini i-ozone?

U-oksijeni Emhlabeni ukhona ngesimo samakhemikhali amabili alula, okuyingxenye yamanzi kanye nenani elikhulu kakhulu kwezinye izinto ezivamile ezingavamile neziphilayo (ama-silicates, carbonates, sulfates, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha). Enye ye-allotropic edume kakhulu yokuguqulwa kwesici i-substance elula ye-oxygen, ifomula layo ngu-O ₂ . Ukuguqulwa kwesibili kwama-athomu ngu-O (i-ozone). Ifomula yalesi sici ngu-O ₃ . Ama-molecule e-Triatomic akhiwa ngamandla amaningi, isibonelo, ngenxa yombane okhishwa emvelweni. Okulandelayo, sizokwazi ukuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone loMhlaba, kungani ubukhulu balo bushintsha njalo.

I-ozone ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile igesi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinomsoco ocacile. Isisindo samangqamuzana lensiza ngu-48 (uma kuqhathaniswa, Mnumzane _(emoyeni = = 29). Iphunga le-ozone lifana nesibhakabhaka, ngoba emva kwalesi simo sokwemvelo se-O ₃ immolekhamli emoyeni iba sikhulu. Ukuhlushwa akukhulumi nje kuphela lapho ungqimba lwe-ozone lukhona, kodwa futhi luseduze nomhlaba. Lesi sici esisebenzayo sinobuthi eziphilayo, kepha sihlukanisa ngokushesha (ukuhlakazeka). E-laboratories nasembonini, amadivaysi akhethekile adalwe-ozonizers-ukudlulisa amandla kagesi ngomoya noma oksijini.

Uyini ungqimba lwe-ozone?

Ama- _{3 e-} molecule ane-high chemical chemical and biological activity. Ukwengezwa kwe-athomu yesithathu ku-diatomic oksijeni kuhambisana nokwanda kwendawo yokugcina amandla kanye nokungazinzi kwesakhi. I-ozone ihlehla kalula ibe yi-oksijeni yamangqamuzana futhi i-particle esebenzayo eyenza ngokunamandla izakhi ezinye futhi ibulale izinambuzane ezincane. Kodwa kaningi kunalokho, imibuzo ehlobene nenhlanganisela ye-smelling ihlobene nokuqoqwa kwayo emkhathini ongaphezu kweMhlaba. Uyini ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi kungani ukubhujiswa kwalo kulimaza?

Ngokuqondile eduze kweplanethi yethu kukhona njalo inani elithile lama-molecule we-O ₃ , kodwa ngokuphakama ukukhula kwegumbi kuyanda. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhi kwenzeka e-stratosphere ngenxa yemisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-Sun, ephethe amandla amaningi.

I-Ozonosphere

Kukhona indawo yesibhakabhaka ngaphezulu kweMhlaba lapho i-ozone inkulu kunayo yendawo. Kodwa kulo lonke, igobolondo eliqukethe ama-molecule e-O ₃ lincane futhi alinqamuki. Uphi ungqimba lwe-ozone loMhlaba noma i-ozonosphere yomhlaba wethu? Ukungahambisani nokuqina kwalesi sikrini sekuvame ukudideka abacwaningi.

Emkhathini womhlaba kukhona njalo inani elithile le-ozone, kunokushintshashintsha okuphawulekayo ekugxilweni kwalo ngokuphakama nangonyaka. Sizobhekana nalezi zinkinga ngemuva kokuthola indawo ngqo yesikhumba sokuzivikela ema-molecules e-O ₃ .

Uphi ungqimba lwe-ozone loMhlaba?

Ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kokuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali e-ozone kuqala ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-10 futhi kuhlala ku-50 km ngaphezu komhlaba. Kodwa inani lendaba e-troposphere akuyona isikrini okwamanje. Njengoba ibanga elivela emhlabeni liyakhula, ubukhulu be-ozone buyanda. Izindinganiso eziphezulu ziwela ku-stratosphere, indawo yayo endaweni ephakeme ye-20 kuya ku-25 km. Lapha, i-molecule ye-O ₃ iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kuneyomhlaba.

Kodwa kungani ubukhulu, ubuqotho bomcabho we-ozone obangela ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabesosayensi nabantu abavamile? Isibhamu mayelana nesimo sokuvikela isikrini saqala ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone lomkhathi phezu kwe-Antarctica luye lwaba mncane kakhulu. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi senzakalo - ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali E- ₃ - yasungulwa. Ukubhujiswa kubangelwa umthelela ohlangene wezinto eziningana, okuholayo phakathi kwabo kubhekwa njenge-anthropogenic, ehambisana nemisebenzi yesintu.

Izimbobo ze-ozone

Eminyakeni engu-30-40 yokugcina, ososayensi baye baqaphela ukubonakala kwezikhala esikrinini sokuvikela ngaphezu komhlaba. I-alamu yomphakathi wesayensi ibangelwa imibiko yokuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone - isihlangu seMhlaba - luyahlambalaza kakhulu. Yonke imidiya phakathi nawo-1980 yashicilela imibiko ye "imbobo" phezu kwe-Antarctica. Abacwaningi bacaphuna iqiniso lokuthi leli phunga elingaphakathweni lwe-ozone landa entwasahlobo. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokulimala ukukhula sabizwa ngokuthi yizinto zokufakelwa ezenziwe ngamakhemikhali - ama-chlorofluorocarbons. Amaqembu avame kakhulu alawa mahlanganisi ayizimele noma iziqandisisi. Kunezinto ezingaphezu kuka-40 ezivela kuleli qembu. Zivela emithonjeni eminingi, ngoba amasimu okufaka isicelo afaka ukudla, amakhemikhali, amafutha kanye nezinye izimboni.

Ukubunjwa kwama-freons, ngaphezu kwekhabhoni ne-hydrogen, kuhlanganisa i-halogen: i-fluorine, i-chlorine, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-bromine. Inamba enkulu yezinto ezifana nalezi isetshenziswa njengama-coolants eziqandisini, ama-air conditioners. Ama-freons ngokwabo azinzile, kodwa ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu futhi lapho kukhona khona ama-agent agesi asebenzayo angene ekusebenzeni kwe-oxidation. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo yokusabela, kungase kube nezinhlanganisela eziyingozi kulokhu okuphilayo.

Ama-freons neskrini se-ozone

Ama-Chlorofluorocarbons asebenzisana nama-molecule e-O3 futhi abulale ungqimba oluvikelayo ngaphezu komhlaba. Okokuqala, ukucwiliswa kwe-ozonosphere kuthathwe njengokushintsha kwezemvelo ebukhulu bayo, okwenzeka njalo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimbobo ezinjenge "umgodi" phezu kwe-Antarctica zabonakala kulo lonke iNyakatho Hemisphere. Inombolo yezikhala ezinjalo iye yanda kusukela kokuqala kokubona, kodwa ngobukhulu bayizimbalwa kune-continent ice.

Ekuqaleni, ososayensi bekungabaza ukuthi kwakungama-freons enza ukuthi inqubo ye-ozone ichitheke. Lawa yizinto ezinesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana. Bangayifinyelela kanjani i-stratosphere, kuphi uhlaka lwe-ozone, uma lukhulu kune-oksijeni, i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide? Ukubhekwa kwezikhukhula ezikhuphuka emkhathini ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu, kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwe, kwafakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukungena kwezinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene emoyeni endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-10 kuya phezulu eMhlabeni, lapho umngcele we-troposphere ne-stratosphere ukhona.

Ahlukahlukene abahlaseli ozone

Isikrini se-ozone sithola futhi ama-nitrogen oxides avela ekushiseni kwamafutha ezinjini zezindiza eziphezulu kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhumbi. Gcwalisa uhlu lwezinto lapho umkhathi, ungqimba lwe-ozone, ukukhishwa kwe-volcano yasemhlabeni kubhujiswa khona. Ngezinye izikhathi ukugeleza kwamagesi kanye noshuli kufinyelela ekuphakameni kwamakhilomitha angu-10-15 futhi kuthathwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.

I-smog phezu kwezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni kanye namagagity amaningi nawo anikezela ekuhlukaniseni ama-molecules O ₃ emkhathini. Isizathu sokunyuka kobukhulu bezinyosi ze-ozone kubhekwa njengokwanda kwezingxenyana okuthiwa yi-greenhouse gases emkhathini lapho ungqimba lwe-ozone lukhona khona. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yemvelo yemvelo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ihlobene ngokuqondile nezindaba ezihlobene nokunciphisa i-ozone. Iqiniso liwukuthi amagesi okushisa afaka izinto ezithinta ama-molecule O. I-ozone ihlukanisa, i-athomu ye-oksijini ibangela ukuchithwa kwezinye izakhi.

Ingozi yokulahlekelwa isihlangu se-ozone

Ingabe kwakukhona izikhala endaweni ye-ozonosphere ngaphambi kwezindiza eziya esikhaleni, ukubonakala kwama-freons nezinye izinto ezingcolile zomkhathi? Imibuzo ehlongozwayo iphikisana, kodwa isiphetho sibonisa eyodwa: ungqimba lwe-ozone lomkhathi kufanele lufundwe futhi lugcinwe ekubhujisweni. Iplanethi yethu ngaphandle kwesihlangu sama-O molecule atholakale ekuvikelweni kwayo emisebeni enzima yama-cosmic ubude obuningi, ehlanganiswa nocingo lwezinto ezisebenzayo. Uma isikrini se-ozone sincane noma singekho, khona-ke izinqubo zokuphila eziyinhloko eMhlabeni zengozini. Imisebe ye-ultraviolet eyedlulele yandisa ingozi yokuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana emangqamuzaneni okuphila.

Ukuvikelwa kocingo lwe-ozone

Ukuntuleka kwedatha ngobuningi besikrini sokuvikela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule neminyaka eyizinkulungwane kwenza izibikezelo zinzima. Kuzokwenzekani uma i-ozonosphere igwa ngokuphelele? Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, odokotela baye baqaphela ukwanda kwenani labantu abathintekayo umdlavuza wesikhumba. Lesi yisinye sezifo, okuholela emisebeni eningi kakhulu ye-ultraviolet.

Ngo-1987, amazwe amaningana ajoyina iProvense yaseMontreal, eyanikeza ukunciphisa nokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele ekukhiqizweni kwama-chlorofluorocarbons. Lokhu kwakungenye yezinyathelo ezizosiza ukulondoloza ungqimba lwe-ozone - isihlangu se-ultraviolet seMhlaba. Kodwa ama-freons asekhishwa yile mboni futhi angene emkhathini. Noma kunjalo, ukuhambisana neProtocol yaseMontreal kuye kwaholela ekwehlisweni kwezimbobo ze-ozone.

Yini wonke umuntu angayenza ukuze alondoloze i-ozonosphere?

Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ukubuyiselwa okugcwele kwesikrini sokuzivikela kuzothatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ukubhujiswa kwayo okujulile kumisiwe, okubangela ukungabaza okuningi. Amagesi okushisa aqhubeka nokugeleza emkhathini, ukuqaliswa kwamarokethi kanye nezinye izimoto zesikhala ziqalisiwe, imoto yezindiza emazweni ahlukene iyakhula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ososayensi namanje kufanele bahlakulele izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuvikela isihlangu se-ozone ekubhujisweni.

Ezingeni lesansuku zonke, umuntu ngamunye angakwazi futhi ukufaka isandla. I-ozone ngeke ihlukaniswe kancane uma umoya uqala ukuhlanza, uzoqukatha uthuli oluncane, isobho, ukukhishwa kwezimoto ezinobuthi. Ukuze uvikele ama-ozonosphere amahle, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukushiswa kwemfucuza, ukubeka yonke indawo ukulahlwa kwawo okuphephile. Ezokuthutha zidinga ukudluliselwa kwamakhemikhali amaningi angokwemvelo, yonke indawo ukugcina izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithombo yamandla.