Umklamo kwekhulu lama-20: izakhiwo yesimanje

Kuzo zonke izinkathi emlandweni ethulwa isakhiwo grand, Nokho, kuba nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu kwekhulu lama-20 libhekene yokuthi sha ifinyelele ezinyoni - kusukela namabhilidi ezintwezayo kuya ezintsha design izakhiwo. Ukuqala lenziwe ekuqa- kwekhulu lama-20 ingenye yezindawo zokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-modernist ngubani kuhlanganiswe functionalism nge yobuhle izinhloso, kodwa elahla iziyalezo classical. Wazama sihlanganise imigomo eyisisekelo nemiklamo yokwakha, nge ukuthambekela intuthuko ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe kanye sesimanje nomphakathi wonkana.

Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20 - esivusa esibanzi wathatha ifomu izikole design eziningi, izinkomba kanye ezihlukahlukene izitayela. Phakathi kwamagama ebalulekile abantu ababa bezinguquko ubuciko yezakhiwo kanye kwavula indlela original design ezisashisa emisha, kufanele ngokuthi Le Korbyuze, Ludwig Mies van der rohe, uWalter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, uLuisa Sallivana, Oscar Niemeyer futhi Alvar Aalto.

Ngakho, okokuqala, izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20 emelelwe ukunyakaza eyaziwa ngokuthi izakhiwo zesimanje, futhi usibekela kwesikhathi kusukela ngo-1900 kuya 1970-1980 (emazweni ase-European futhi Russia). Kuhlanganisa ezindaweni eziningana (functionalism futhi constructivism, brutalism futhi rationalism, ubungcweti organic, Bauhaus and Art Deco, isitayela international), kodwa sonke sihlanganyela ezijayelekileko.

izakhiwo Modern wafuna ukumisa izindlu design endleleni iyona imibono yakudala nendawo idolo, imisebenzi izakhiwo esizayo futhi indawo yabo. "Ifomu kulandela umsebenzi" (amazwi uLuisa Sallivana, okusho ukuthi umqondo design kufanele sisekelwe ngqo ngenjongo obusebenzayo ukwakhiwa esingaphakathi kwento). Ngokwesibonelo, Frenk Lloyd Rayt yayaziwa yokuthi umklamo yezindlu ukuthi ngokuyinhloko kuthambekele indawo lapho bazokwakha isakhiwo. Wathi kufanele kube "kanye nendawo," okungukuthi, abe ebalulekile.

ekuseni izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20 kuhlanganisa izici ezilandelayo wobunye esaba ngoba kwezishiwo ngenhla - ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni zokwakha entsha yempucuko (isib, ukhonkolo), ukungabi bikho kokukhanya imininingwane zokuhlobisa, ngamanye amazwi, akukho ukhumbula izinsuku esezadlula zomlando ngokubukeka, okumele libe izindlu elula ecacile ifomu.

Umklamo kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia yawenza ngesimo constructivism, ikakhulukazi yaqhakaza 1920-1930. Constructivism kuhlangene ubuchwepheshe eziphambili kanye aesthetics entsha njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi lamaKhomanisi bese netinjongo tetenhlalo ukwakha umbuso. Omunye wabasunguli be ukunyakaza - Konstantin Melnikov, owaklama abadumile Melnikov House eMoscow, iwuphawu constructivism nawaseSoviet avant-garde nhlobo. Nakuba le nhlangano yaphoqeleka ihlukaniswe izikole eziningana ukuncintisana esikhathini khona izakhiwo eziningi ezinkulu ezakhiwa, lize ewa nasemseni le nabaholi baseSoviet mayelana 1932. Kodwa imiphumela constructivist zingatholakala ku kamuva izakhiwo Soviet.

Kusukela 1980 zakuqala, izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20 ihlangabezana nobunzima ngokuya izinhlelo ezihlelekile (amasevisi, amandla, ubuchwepheshe) iba multidistsiplinoy nge specialisation yohlobo ngalunye lobukhulu phrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo division obonakalayo umsebenzi umakhi sika njengoba wezakhiwo, umklami nomklami, eqinisekisa ukuthi kwakhiwa esizayo nazo zonke izindinganiso ezidingekayo zobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, kugcineke kwemvelo futhi okumqoka evelele sicabange ngokujulile ku izakhiwo wesimanje.