Umlando Chelyabinsk dolobha. Usuku edolobheni Chelyabinsk. Elingenamikhono izingalo Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk - idolobha oluthatha indawo 7th eRussia ngokuya labantu. Ngenxa indawo uvame ukubizwa kanjalo esangweni eSiberia, eveza ngokunembile indima yayo njengenhlangano ezokuthutha ihabhu ezibalulekile futhi isixhumanisi phakathi izifunda Russian. History of the eChelyabinsk ukuguqulwa yayo kwelinye izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini zezwe lethu ezithakazelisayo ubani onesithakazelo esikhathini esidlule wezwe lakithi. Ngakho-ke, esihlokweni sesizoxoxa ngalo ngokuningiliziwe.

Umlando yegama Chelyabinsk

Okwamanje, inguqulo ozwakalayo kakhulu kubhekwa, owawuthi igama lendawo lisuselwa izwi Turkic "Celebi", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "isikhulu" noma "wafundiswa". Kukhona umbono, isekelwe izindaba inzalo ka kwabantu bokuqala abahlala e ukuthi Chelyaba inqaba, okuthiwa ngakho ngenxa yaleli pheshana, isb. E. "Silәbe" ( "ukucindezeleka") e Bashkir. Inguqulo yakamuva ye-ngokungaqondile kuqinisekiswa amanothi abadumile isihambi medieval German Ioganna Gmelina, owayesesimweni Chelyabinsk inqaba 1742.

isisekelo

Isidingo inqaba elise emngceleni Urals naseSiberia, kuhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ngokusemthethweni, kucatshangwa ukuthi owasungula ngonyaka Chelyabinsk - 1736 th. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke esikhundleni Bashkir emzaneni enkulu Chelyaba uColonel AI Tevkelev (Kutlu Muhammad) wabeka inqaba Russian. Waqala ukuba zakhelwe ngenkululeko umnikazi womhlaba Tarkhan Taymasov Shaimova. Lokhu kwaba isizathu ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le Bashkirs babengalikhokhi intela intela ukukhokha. Kamuva, ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa Chelyabinsk inqaba waphathiswa Major J. Pavlutsky, okuyinto, ngokusho kwabanye imibiko, eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokho, egameni umyalo, wayefuna indawo leli dolobha elasungulwa ngawo.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVIII

Njengoba sekushiwo, e 1742 Chelyabinsk (umlando emzini iqukethe amaqiniso eziningi ezimangazayo) wavakashela I. G. Gmelin. Wayengumuntu incazelo yokuqala inqaba. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, kwaba ngebhange eseningizimu yomfula Miyass, futhi kwakufana Miyasskuyu kule plan izinqaba, Nokho, lalilikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naye kwadingeka kuphela udonga sokhuni ugodo eziyimbangela, ngamunye ephethe ubude kungamafathomu mayelana 60 (160-170 m).

Entwasahlobo ka-1748 e Chelyabinsk waqala ukwakhiwa yebandla lokuqala itshe, okuyinto eyaba lombhishobhi eyinhloko sifundazwe Iset. Ngokushesha, omuzi aqala ukwandisa ngenkuthalo, futhi kwakukhona ezikhungweni ezahlukene zomphakathi.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili

Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo zonke emlandweni iphutha ngo-1774, unyaka lapho umbusi A. Veryovkin ngeke sithi ekuvinjezelweni Pugachev. Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje lezi zihlubuki zazishaye ukwazi ukungena Chelyabinsk futhi kusetshenzwe ngayo iziphathimandla. Ukukhululwa edolobheni wasiza Jikelele IA Dekolong wafika ukusekelwa.

Uma unesithakazelo kulokho owasungula ngonyaka Chelyabinsk, njengoba idolobha, lokhu 1781-th - 45 ngemva kokubekwa kwesisekelo inqaba iminyaka. Kwathatha isikhathi eside kangaka, beya emzaneni Bashkir nge Fort yaphenduka zokuhlala ezinkulu. Leli qiniso kwaphawulwa ukunikeza kwakhe isimo County edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinqumo Catherine elingenamikhono yesibili sivunyiwe Chelyabinsk lapho phansi isihlangu ukuboniswa ikamela laden yesifundazwe.

Ngo-1788, Chelyabinsk laliyisenzakalo global: iqembu odokotela, eholwa S. Andrievskiy, wafunda izimpawu umbendeni, wangitshela igama layo lesi sifo, futhi owasungula serum ukuze azivikele lesi sifo sibulale.

Ekhulwini XIX

Ikhulu entsha kwaphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Ngenxa isikhundla salo ezindawo kanye nendawo ku bendabuko nendlwana imizila (elingenamikhono izingalo Chelyabinsk kuveza leli qiniso) kuya maphakathi nekhulu XIX, leli dolobha liye ngokuqinile wathatha isikhundla okuholela nombukiso wezohwebo we Urals. Nokho, ekukhuleni kwayo ngokushesha iphutha ngemva 1892. Wayengene shí nge kwaqedwa ujantshi, okuyinto ixhunywe Chelyabinsk ne izifundazwe European of the Empire, Russian. EYekaterinburg - - Tyumen ukundlula edolobheni Kuyaziwa ukuthi wangenela-Alexander Okwesithathu, okuyinto ochithiwe iphrojekthi ngaphambilini ezihlongozwayo kuhilela ujantshi nge Kazan ezaziwayo. Kusukela 1892, Trans-Siberian sesitimela laphinda enwetshiwe ngasempumalanga. Nokuthuma ujantshi Ekaterinburg ngo-1896 nomthelela umsebenzi ngaphezulu Chelyabinsk isikhundla ekuholeni emkhakheni wezohwebo inter-zesifunda. Engingakusho nje ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa, ezimakethe zakuleli waba ngowokuqala eRussia ngokuya ukuthengiselana sokuthenga / ukudayiswa isinkwa, kanti eyesibili - yohwebo itiye amazwe.

Chelyabinsk kuya ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XX

Ngo-1897, Chelyabinsk esinabantu abangaba ngu-20 000. Kulokhu, it laligujwa waba ukwanda okukhulu, okuyinto kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukuvela Ezindaweni ezintsha emhlabeni esiteshini sesitimela (ulwazi lemininingwane mayelana nokuthi lokhu kungatholakala ngokuvakashela Museum of umlando Edolobheni laseChelyabinsk).

Parallel kule, idolobha olwesimanje futhi ngavula izikole emikhakheni ehlukene, njenge sikole zenkolo, progymnasium zabesifazane, isikole lobuchwepheshe, esikoleni ukuhweba, njll .. sesitimela Club Yabantu House ezakhiwa. Endaweni kohwebo, waseChelyabinsk, kwakukhona izikhungo 1500 commercial nezezimboni, imali yonyaka Imininingwane ruble abangaba yizigidi ezingu-30. Amahhovisi ukuhweba evulekile njalo futhi inqwaba ezinkampanini zamazwe angaphandle abathintekayo supply of the Empire Russian ngesikhathi ultra-yanamuhla umshini isikhathi imishini.

Ukuze Dynamics okusheshayo yentuthuko nokukhula yashesha Chelyabinsk (umlando emzini ekhulwini XVIII-XIX ethulwa ngenhla), ngisho waziwa Zauralskaya Chicago. Kakade ngawo-1910 ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye labantu kulo muzi liye laphindeka kathathu, futhi kuya 1917-th - anda abantu 70 000.

Umlando Chelyabinsk ngesikhathi izenzakalo wamavukelambuso eminyakeni yokuqala kwamandla Soviet

Ngemva Okthoba 1917 edolobheni, njengalo lonke of the Empire, isiRashiya, kwaba ngalesosiwengu imicimbi. Ngokwe-izincwadi zomlando walondoloza futhi baba ofakazi bokuzibonela bokuziphatha amandla nemiKhandlu Workers laqanjwa ukuthula hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngamandla ezingalo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi isayensi zomlando kucatshangwa ukuthi full-scale kubheduka impi yombango Meyi 14, 1918, ngemva ukuvukela kwezinceku eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Corps ku w / e. Chelyabinsk esiteshini. Ngisho ezimweni ngenxa yezinkinga zezombangazwe, idolobha baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Ikakhulukazi ngo-1918, wasungula Chelyabinsk ikheshi, eyayizoba sinendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni okusanhlamvu zakule ndawo.

Maphakathi 1919 waseChelyabinsk abuyiselwe ngokuphelele futhi wadala uhulumeni omusha, futhi waba isikhungo yesifundazwe, futhi kamuva nge-September 3, 1919 - wesifunda.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka pre-impi

Ekuqaleni 1934, esifundeni Chelyabinsk kwamiswa ngesinqumo Central Executive Committee. Umuzi baba isikhungo yayo zokuphatha, kwathi ngo-1937 wasinda ekuqambeni kabusha Kaganovichgrad.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange akhohlwe nakancane wayeka ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo Chelyabinsk. Engingakusho nje ukuthi uma ngu 1919 edolobheni zikhona izinkampani 2 kuphela kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 lapho aqala khona ukusebenza olwalwenza, Tractor, ferroalloy, umshini-ithuluzi nezitshalo zinc.

IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

Phakathi Okwesibili kweMpi Yezwe Chelyabinsk (umlando edolobheni ekupheleni le XX leminyaka ke uzotshelwa kamuva) esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impi kwa izimoto zempi.

Kusukela ekuqaleni empini edolobheni wathola amakhulu ezinkulungwane babaleki. Ngenxa yalokho, Chelyabinsk labantu lande ngamaphesenti izikhathi 2.5, bafinyelela kubantu 630.000. Ngesisekelo ezingaphezu kuka-200 amabhizinisi bashiye, by ihlangana ne izimboni wendawo Kwamiswa imidondoshiya zezimboni CHKPZ, CMP, ChTPZ. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1945, Chelyabinsk (umlando emzini ngalesi sikhathi - kuba indaba mass zabasebenzi ubuqhawe babantu WaseSoviet) baba esihlalweni Yabantu Commissars ethangini umkhakha, izinhlamvu, aphakathi umshini wokwakha namandla.

Phakathi nale nkathi kwakukhona umthamo uxhumano wendawo ugandaganda ifektri bashiye laseKharkov injini wokwakha ne-Leningrad Kirov Plant. Lokhu kuyoholela ukukhiqizwa amathangi T-34, ngesikhathi esihamba phambili. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Okwesibili 60 ayizinkulungwane diesel ukulwa zilandelwa izimoto armored zakhiqizwa Chelyabinsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso isitshalo okuthiwa Kolyuschenko kahle ukukhiqizwa edumile "Katyusha". Enterprises Chelyabinsk e 1941-1945-m ngokulandelana ukukhiqiza kanye diesel, izinhlamvu, imishini kagesi izimoto armored, izingxenye VMs kanye tank izimoto kanye neminye imikhiqizo ezidingekayo ukuze siwuphumelele.

ngemva kwempi,

Ngemuva kokuwina Chelyabinsk baba umphakeli imishini, izinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezisebenzi ukuze ubuyisele Donbass, kwaseStalingrad, nezinye Dniproges wabhubhisa nemizana futhi izindawo ezibalulekile ezimbonini kanye namandla wezwe lakithi.

Ngo-1947, kwathiwa evunywe uhlelo ekukhuleni womuzi. Ngenxa kusebenta kwaso, omakhelwane ezintsha kanye nezitshalo zezimboni.

Ngo-1960, leli dolobha liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo futhi inani zemfundo ephakeme, futhi ngo-1976 kwasivulela CSU owaba inyuvesi lokuqala classical yaseNingizimu Ural.

Ikakhulukazi kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwalezi ezimbonini Chelyabinsk lwalotshwa ekuqaleni '80s, lapho le nkampani yathatha isikhundla ekuholeni emsebenzini wokukhiqiza amapayipi insimbi engagqwali, ferroalloys futhi izimoto emgwaqeni.

Leli dolobha lakhula nakutemasiko. Ikakhulukazi, in the 80s, lapho kwavulwa khona isakhiwo esisha se-Drama Theatre ngesikhathi izihlalo 1200, ihholo egumbini nogwali umculo, Museum Geological kanye izikhumbuzo "Ngendlela entsha" futhi Kurchatov.

Isikhathi yesimanje

Ingxenye yokuqala 'swashbuckling "90s baba isikhathi nzima Chelyabinsk, ngesikhathi sokwethwasa ucabanga amabhizinisi, yokungakhokhi amaholo nangaphansi ngezimali izinhlelo sphere nomphakathi. Ngenhlanhla, lesi simo eyathatha isikhathi esifushane, futhi ekupheleni kwalesi eyishumi, leli dolobha liye waqala umsebenzi zokukhiqiza kanye Izigayo eziningi namafektri wafika eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Yokutakula okuye kwaqashelwa nezinye izindawo. Ikakhulu, i-zoo lavulwa ngo 1996. Ngo-2004, umlando ezitaladini Chelyabinsk agcwaliswa ngekhasi elisha, Kirovka njengoba edume baba abahamba ngezinyawo futhi babe nendawo ozithandayo ukuhamba izivakashi nezakhamuzi. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wathuthela kulesi sakhiwo esisha we State Historical Museum of Southern Urals wavula isakhiwo esisha, futhi ngo-2009 - enkundleni ice "izixaxa", okuyinto ihlalisa izibukeli 7500.

Kusukela izenzakalo owaziwa esenzeka Chelyabinsk kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele kokuwa kwemvula yezinkanyezi ezinomsila, lapho ngokufutha ezilimele 7320 izakhiwo.

Usuku Edolobheni laseChelyabinsk

Ngo-2016, leli holidi lenziwa ekhethekile. Phela, umuzi yayigubha iminyaka engu 280th! Chelyabinsk usuku wathi: 10 Septhemba imigidi nokuhlangana Folk imikhosi omangalisayo. Ubude labetibambile izenzakalo 60. Ngakho indlela uvumelane nabo bonke emahoreni angu-24 kwakungenakwenzeka, umkhosi yahlakazeka izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi yahanjelwa eziningi izinkanyezi inhlokodolobha sika.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo okwenzeka emzini Chelyabinsk. Namuhla he is fike of imidondoshiya zezimboni wezwe lakithi futhi ebheka phambili ngokuqiniseka.

Uma unesithakazelo emlandweni nasemasikweni Chelyabinsk, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela edolobheni ilukuluku lakho uyokwaneliswa ngemuva kokuvakashela iminyuziyamu futhi ihlangane ne bendawo.