Roosevelt Entsha Deal nangendawo yalo emlandweni

kwekuhlela kabusha Franklin Delano Roosevelt sika, kanye wabeletha yabo Ukucindezeleka Omkhulu, kuze kube phakade emlandweni emnothweni wezwe. Yini idume kangaka "okusha Deal" nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi empeleni uwine bomnotho?

prehistory

Esikhathini 1920, akukho zimpawu enkingeni. Kunalokho, e-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala uqalile sokutakula umnotho. Umthamo umkhiqizo wawanda, nokuqaphela likhula futhi ithemba nabo ukuthi Melika - yindawo lapho azikho ezihluzekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Kodwa iqiniso kwakubonakala okukhohlisayo.

Kanye ijubane ukukhiqizwa yezimboni nokubaluleka okwandisiwe ukwabelana wamabhizinisi. Stock market kokuqagela isibe baseMelika Craze. Wonke umuntu wayefuna ukwenza imali kwi-stock exchange okungenani ezinye penny, hhayi ukwesaba ukuthatha yibhange imali. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lamasheya ezingasho asuswe izibalo zangempela. Ngu ekupheleni 20s kwavela isimo sokuntenga komnotho ezweni emnothweni. Ukuze ukulolonga nemiphumela, le Fed liphendulwe wokunyathelisa futhi isibalo sezikhungo sokubolekwayo. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi amaningi imali akangenanga embonini, futhi izingxoxo ezinhle isitokwe. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela yokuthi emakethe yamasheya selande laze laba kumasikhuphulane, okuyinto umane ziwile, engcwaba ngaphansi Amanxiwa alo lonke umnotho. Ngo-October 1929, i-New York Stock Exchange zigoqiwe: share intengo bawa, waqala yokuthengisa zabo ezinkulukazi. Bese - Chain Reaction: kanye abanikazi lamasheya futhi bonakalise amabhizinisi abo. Izinkulungwane zabantu ngomzuzwana baba abangasebenzi.

Inkinga zasakazeka ngokushesha umnotho: umkhakha, amabhange, ezolimo. Kusukela ngo-1929 kuya 1933. isibalo sabantu abangasebenzi lenyukile lisuka ku-3 kuya ku-25%, okusho ukuthi umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-baseMelika amane engasebenzi. Ikakhulukazi crisis eqinile hit imizana, iningi lazo ongeke ukwazi nje yokuqothulwa.

Akumangalisi ukuthi ngemuva kokhetho olulandelayo weza ngamandla akulona Republican futhi Democratic Party. 4 ngoMashi 1933. ikhandidethi wakhe Franklin Delano Roosevelt wathatha ihhovisi uMongameli US. Ngokungafani amandulela, yazenzela leftist kunalokho futhi ekholelwa ukuthi isimo kufanele ngenkuthalo angenele izinqubo zezomnotho kanye ukusiza izakhamuzi zalo ukubhekana nenkinga, kunokuba ulinde kuze kube emnothweni "asanguluke." Lezi zinkolelo bukaJehova kubonakala kwekuhlela kabusha yakhe, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-New Deal.

umkhakha

Phakathi kuka-1933, i-mthetho, owawuthi amabhizinisi esethula okuthiwa "fair mncintiswano amakhodi". Le mibhalo kwakungamadodana osomabhizinisi ngokwabo, futhi uvunywe nguMongameli. Abonisa ivolumu zokukhiqiza, intengo, oda ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nemibandela yokuqashwa kwabasebenzi (amaholo, ubude bezinhlamvu ngesonto zokusebenza). Kusukela okusha Deal enganikanga kungenzeka osomabhizinisi enkulu intengo eyayenziwe ongaphakeme noma ukunciphisa okukhiphayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlonishwe futhi yabasebenzi. Ngemva ukwamukelwa amakhodi kwendima anda zabasebenzi, okuyinto babhekwa njengabantu abamele esisemthethweni abasebenzi.

Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili emva ukwamukelwa yomthetho zonke izimboni ezazingaphansi kwawo okuqinile isimo control. Ngokukhethekile wadala umkhakha National yokutakula Administration iwine ilungelo ngisho ukuvala ibhizinisi.

umsebenzi

Yiqiniso Roosevelt sika akugcini izinguquko kule mboni. UMongameli bafuna ukunciphisa izinga lokungasebenzi, okuyinto kwafinyelela usayizi umxhwele. Kuze kube yimanje, thina wahlela imisebenzi okukhulu emphakathini, ukhokhelwa okuyinto izimali zanikezelwa kusukela isabelomali. Omunye wemisebenzi elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi bafunda ngokuhweba ukwakhiwa izitshalo Hydropower eMfuleni Tennessee. Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa wokuqatjha ilutjha - emakamu Kwamiswa abasha baseMelika abangasebenzi lapho basebenzele izinyanga eziyisithupha at $ 30 ngenyanga. Yiqiniso, lezi zinyathelo musa ukususa abangasebenzi, kodwa abakwazanga ngisho kancane ukunciphisa ke.

ezolimo

Falling amanani imikhiqizo yezolimo saholela ekufeni omkhulu abalimi, ubumpofu kanye nendlala, okwakungewona kancane kulokho oko Melika kuka emizaneni Soviet collectivized. Ngakho-ke, i-New Deal sihlinzekela izilinganiso ukuvuseleleka ezolimo. Kukhona futhi selifakwe amabandla omphakathi ukuze alawule Kulomkhakha emnothweni. Ekuqaleni, izinyathelo zokutakula ukulima babe kunalokho ngesihluku - imikhiqizo uthenge futhi ngokushesha ubhujiswe. Sikhuthaze umnotho ukunciphisa acreage futhi ikhokhelwe premium ngenxa yalo. Lezi zinyathelo bazuza abalimi ngokuyinhloko ezinkulu. abanikazi Small wakhipha isimo futhi babasize ngezimali, kuthuthwa izwe elingcono, ukuthenga amapulazi. Futhi kwavusa ukuthuthukiswa kwama co-op. inkinga yabalimi izikweletu isixazululekile kanje: umhlaba amabhange federal wabanika ukubolekisa, ngenxa abalimi kufanele abuyisele imali eyayiyikweleta amabhange yangasese.

amabhange

yizinguquko kwezomnotho, wabathinta. Into yokuqala kuhulumeni olwenziwe wokubuyekeza omkhulu lamabhange, ukuhumusha zonakale ngaphansi kokulawula isimo. imithetho emisha kule makethe iye yamukelwa. Kusukela manje, amabhange ayikwazi ukusebenza nge izibambiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho zokwenana ukubolekisa Kwamiswa ngokucacile. Kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi okusha Deal yethulwa kuleli yasebhange, umshwalense idiphozi kwaba. ebhange ngamunye ukuze ninciphise ingxenye yeholo labo libe umshwalense isikhwama esikhethekile, futhi ucabanga wakhokhelwa imali emabhange. Lo mthetho kuye kwasiza ukumisa "indiza emabhange 'futhi ukukhulisa ukuzethemba emabhange, okuyinto njalo wobbles ngesikhathi kunezinkinga.

Imiphumela

Ngakho, yini wanika "okusha Deal" of emnothweni waseMelika? Ngeshwa, izinguquko yokutholwa zehlulekile ukuvimba nenhlekelele omusha, oqubuke ngo-1937, kodwa bakwazi ukuvimbela ukuqhuma yezenhlalakahle ezingase kalula kwenzeke eminyakeni engu-30: zonke izimo esezikhona Melika wesimanje. kwekuhlela kabusha Roosevelt BakaJehova bake kunencazelo ebanzi: abasibonise ukuthi uhulumeni futhi kufanele anakekele izakhamuzi zawo. Babeka izisekelo ukulawulwa yesimo sezomnotho, okuyinto eyenziwa kuwo wonke amazwe esimanje zama-Capitalist. Asebenzisa isimiso izinyathelo aye wavumela ukuba ulolonge nemiphumela emibi tetemnotfo.