KumiswaIndaba

Umlando ruble. Kanjani ruble

I-ruble kubhekwa zomlando Russian iyunithi yemali. Provenance ruble ngokusemthethweni liqala ngala Novgorod izinhlamvu birch namagxolo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII, kodwa izazi-mlando eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ruble ngumqondo yemali yayikhona ngaphambi, mhlawumbe kusukela ekhulwini leshumi.

Umsuka umqondo

Umlando nesenzakalo of the ruble kuhlobene ngokuqondile umlando we Novgorod Land. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ebhaliwe ruble ngomhla 1281-1299 GG. Nakuba principalities eziningi wahlukana Russian wajabulela Kiev hryvnia njengoba iyunithi yemali. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi indaba phambili ruble noma "igatsha" yomlando we-hryvnia.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII eNovgorod ngokuhamba babe 200-igramu silver bullion ngesimo izinti ukuthi ezakheke oblong nesisindo okusikhumbuza hryvnia - iyunithi malini Kievan Rus. Nokho, ngokungafani Kiev, Novgorod, lezi ingots babizwa ngokuthi "ruble".

Umlando ruble Russian uxhumanisa igama unit yemali nge lyudom elula Russian. Njengoba ukwaziwa kwaleli gama is zihlukaniswa ubulungu bayo kule parlance ezivamile kungenzeka ukuthi ruble seyaziwa ngokuthi ingots, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kukhulunywa okokuqala kule efuze, yingakho kunzima kakhulu ukunquma isikhathi esiqondile umsuka ruble.

Inani

Kungekho ukuvumelana mayelana value of the ruble kuqala. Esikhathini principalities wahlukana wajabulela bullion esiliva - hryvnya noma ruble, tekubala ezincane ezisetshenziswa angaphandle zemali, odenariyu dirhams, ngokuthi ngesiRashiya "Coon."

Ngezikhathi ezithile 200 igramu ingots kwadingeka poltinas Hack noma ezincane izingxenye, ekubaleni ngqo. Leli qiniso inkimbinkimbi ukuzimisela ukubaluleka esiqondile ruble, ngoba ngokusho ruble kuyinto Analogue of hryvnia, kanye nezinye - "isiqu" yayo lika 100 grams.

Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakulimaze ubukhulu akuyona yafinyelela ngokuphelele lwemali amagama, kanye ruble eNovgorod zazilingana ngempela hryvnia, futhi ruble eMoscow kwaba esingaphansi kwesigamu. It is wafakazela ukuthi eyavela kamuva babe ruble Lithuanian, enesisindo 100 g

I etymology kwegama elithi

Rouble Umlando ayinayo idatha ku umsuka ngqo kwethemu. Kukhona ongakhetha ezine eziyinhloko Umsuka wegama elithi "ruble" kuze kube manje ukuphi. Le nguqulo eziyisisekelo - Ruble kuyinto esuselwe igama elithi "deda", okusho ukuthi "ngokuhlanganyela". Rouble Novgorod usindwa ubuchwepheshe ukuthi kuqala batheleka nengxenye isikhunta esiliva, bese ingxenye yesibili, lo ingot kwamiswa phakathi umphetho. Yingakho igama inhlamba of the ingot - Ruble.

Ngokusho inguqulo empandeni izwi wesibili livela igama eliyisenzo elithi "ukusika." Kulokhu, ososayensi bacabanga ezimbili izinketho. Eyokuqala - Ruble bekulokhu kuyingxenye hryvnia, noma ngaphezulu ngokunembile, sesine yayo; ie poltina, aqhephukile ngesigamu. Samuntu Okwesibili - Rouble Novgorod sihluke Kiev hryvnia namantombazane ekhombisa okufanela ukubaluleka esiliva ingot.

Enye izinguqulo ezimbili ukuphakamisa kwemali nemigomo evela kwezinye izilimi. Mhlawumbe igama elithi "i-ruble" has lwemisuka ngegama elithi "rupee", okusho ukuthi "esiliva sekudlule ukucubungula." Ngaphandle uxhumano kungenzeka ngegama elithi Arabhu "ikota", ezwakala njenge- "RR".

Umlando ruble eyeka izinguqulo ezimbili zokuqala, njengoba mlando ukwabelana ngokubona izesekeli igama elithi "i-ruble" in parlance common, awusebenzi bukhomba benethuba zokweboleka kwethemu.

ruble lokuqala

Ukusetshenziswa okuqinile ingots esiliva kwaba ungakhululekile kakhulu, kodwa baqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIV lapho, phakathi nokubusa Dmitry Donskoy waqala kwenziwe izinhlamvu entsha encane. uhlamvu lwemali ngalinye laliba kancane esingaphansi igremu futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "imali", njengoba fa ijoka Tatar-amaMongol. Kuyinto indaba "ruble" uhlamvu lwemali iqala kusukela leli phuzu.

Izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi uhlobo oluhlukile, ngoba wayeyintombi, futhi kulukhuni nelokusungula umbuthano iphelele, isisindo futhi usigcine maphakathi uhlamvu lwemali ziyafana. Phrinta design ziyahlukahluka kuye ubukhulu, lapho izinhlamvu zemali ezazenziwa.

Ngu ukuthuthela ezincane imali izibalo sekulula kakhulu, wafika ekugcineni 200-igramu ingots Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga zabantu abavamile futhi yasetshenziswa kuphela uhwebo lwezitolo.

Ngaphansi kwethonya amabutho zombusazwe Novgorod futhi eMoscow principalities, kanye basentshonalanga Duchy of Lithuania kuya ruble xv ekhulwini ngelinye ngokugcwele hryvnia, futhi uye waba hhayi kuphela isihloko ingot, kodwa futhi umqondo ezimfushane kwemukelwe ukubala nokubala imali emnothweni.

Kube nezinguquko

Eyokuqala okwandile ruble lwemali kabusha kwenziwa phakathi kwekhulu XVI. Ngo-1534 eMoscow aqala lwemali kabusha enobunye, inhloso owawungumnyaka ubunye zemali ukusetshenziselwa izinkokhelo, kanye ukususa emakethe yasekhaya ye izimali zakwamanye amazwe, ephambanisa ukuhweba.

Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi iyunithi yemali kwaba ruble eMoscow, eyayihlanganisa i-200 noma 100 ngemali eMoscow imali Novgorod. Ngemva kwalokho zemali Novgorod babizwa ngokuthi "penny", futhi eMoscow - "mechenkami". La magama ezihlobene nokusebenzelana ukuyiprinta ohlangothini reverse of the uhlamvu lwemali. On penny kubalwa iqhawe ngomkhonto egibele amahhashi, futhi ku mechenke - iqhawe ngenkemba. Uhlamvu lwemali kulencane sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ngomnikelo omncane, okungukuthi, mechenki isigamu; kwakuye nje uhlamvu lwemali, amazinyo aqhephukile noma ephukile ngesigamu.

Njengoba bullion nesiliva namahlelo ruble phakathi nekhulu XVI waya ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa, ruble, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XVI wahlala lutho ngaphezu iyunithi yokulinganisa.

Ngo-1654, saqala kubalwa zemali namahlelo eyodwa ruble. Empeleni, kwaba perechekanennye zemali isiJalimane, okuyinto ngakolunye uhlangothi iye yanyatheliswa elingenamikhono izingalo (ukhozi double), kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi inkosi ukuboniswa ngehhashi. Coin ngokuthi "ruble", kodwa esingaphansi isithunzi sami - 64 amagremu.

Lapho ibhodi uPetru mina imali steel kubalwa ngokuzimela, kanye izinguquko eziningi senziwa nethusi penny isisindo kwangena 28 g namahlelo we 1/100 share ukwazisa. Ngaphezu amasenti zethusi kwangena, futhi izingcezu igolide e amahlelo ruble 3 nesisindo nje kwa 3 amagremu zegolide. Kamuva, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, isisindo esiliva uhlamvu lwemali namahlelo 1 ruble bawela 18 amagremu.

assignations

I ruble iphepha uqala ukuvela phakathi nokubusa uCatherine II, ngo-1769. Lezi imali yamaphepha bebelokhu kwegazi iminyaka engu-50; ngesikhathi ukuphrinta yabo kungalawulwa ngendlela isimo, okwaholela wokugoqa langempela emnothweni, ngoba ruble iphepha kwaba ngaphezu ukuhlinzeka izinsimbi zabo eziyigugu. Ngo-1843, imali yamaphepha ahoxiswa ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa.

Nokho abangu Eyokuqala nokufeyila yasebhange amanothi esikhundleni ngonyaka ofanayo, imali engamaphepha, ngoba kuyafana izizathu amabhange ngokushesha saphela uzihlanganyele for igolide nesiliva - imali yephepha kwaba ngaphezu i-methane ehlukaniswe isofthiwe.

Izinguquko 1897 ikhiphe iphepha ruble entsha elisekelwa igolide. Phrinta ruble owenziwa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ezihilela ukusetshenziswa imibala eziningana futhi amazinga ehlukene Ukuvikelwa. Orel Multicolour wokunyathelisa (ngakho ogama lakhe behlonipha Ivana Orlova) evumelekile ukugwema mbumbulu futhi ukwandisa control isimo phezu ukukhululwa kwe inani banknotes.

Ukuqala zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili futhi royal uhlelo yemali

Inkathi ukuwa Empire Russian nokumiswa Soviet Russia, ebizwa ngokuthi "isikhathi sezinkathazo." Akumangalisi ukuthi umlando of the ruble Russian kule nkathi kubhekwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi nenani lwemali izinguquko ezisemthethweni futhi elizibekela kunzima ukubala.

Ngisho ngesikhathi sempi, uMbuso Japanese waqala yokushoda kwezimali; ukunganeliseki ethandwa, Icebo lika lokuzama, kanye ukubusa waseRussia kuya kweMpi Yezwe I empeleni kwaholela uMbuso yokungabi okwedlulele imali. Yanyamalala Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga zonke zemali, ngisho nomncane.

Ngo umkhuba, konke okwakuthiwe ngokuthi yokubika in ruble futhi lalisetshenziswa ukuhweba, azange abe ngisho inani elincane, ngoba awuzange elisekelwa izinqolobane of amatshe ayigugu. Ruble nabizelwa imali yamaphepha self-ezinyathelisiwe, amalebula iwayini, ngisho ngesineke imali. Emlandweni ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ruble, kanye emlandweni wezwe, le nkathi kungaba kubhekwe oluyingozi kakhulu.

I ruble lokuqala Soviet

Umlando ruble eRussia asekuqaleni nenkathi yamaSoviet iqala ngo-1923, lapho kubalwa ngowokuqala igolide ducat, akhiwa 10 ruble yasebukhosini. On exchange of ducats engunyaza zemali sasenziwe ngesiliva - esiliva. Lona omunye zemali ezingavamile kakhulu Soviet njengoba igolide kanye nesiliva isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko for ukuthengiselana kwezilwandle zezwe zingene nhlobo okukhethayo.

Nge-yalolucwaningo 30. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili baqala ukuvela ruble iphepha kanye zemali encane ukuzitshalela metal Alloys. imizamo kaHulumeni ukuletha imali format olulodwa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu, ne ukubonakala ruble futhi kopecks washintsha kaningi impela.

Kuhlelwa kabusha 1961

I enkulu lwemali kabusha emlandweni eSoviet Union, futhi mhlawumbe Russia sisonke ibhalwe inkathi eyiminyaka engu-10. Abakhethelwa izinto nokubaluleka entsha ye-ruble, senziwa format iyunifomu akhethiwe umklamo olulodwa. Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo-Union siphasise esikhundleni oluphelele lwazo zonke izimali ezintsha.

Omunye RUB isampula entsha zazilingana ruble 10 ubudala (isampula lokuqala WaseSoviet) futhi wayene okulingana igolide 1 g igolide. Everyday zemali kwenziwa of amatshe ayigugu kungukuthi kubalwa ngaphezulu ngaphandle udaba zezinhlamvu zemali ukuze imicimbi ezibalulekile noma nemigubho.

Modern Russian Rouble

Umlando ruble kwavele enye inhlekelele 90 zokuqala. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union le ruble ubudala Soviet babe lisetshenziswa kuze 1993, lapho wenzuzo bomnotho is nezilima ngokuphelele lwemali kazwelonke futhi singavumeli inguquko bushelelezi kuya imali entsha format.

Ukuze ugweme ukwanda kwamandla emali, kabusha yemali kwemukelwe kwegazi imali yamaphepha entsha eningi amaqanda wawuba ngasekuqaleni 1993. Ngo-1998, uhulumeni waseRussia aphethwe uchungechunge yezinguquko yemali, okuyinto zalandelwa ihlelo kanye Ukukhishwa amanothi amasha ukuthi kukhona kwegazi namuhla.

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