Imfundo:Isayensi

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo uvela esikhathini esidlule. Ukuze umphakathi ongobudala obudala, isifiso sokuqaphela imvelo sasivele sinobuciko. Kulesi sigaba, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo ugcwele ulwazi oluvela emaGibhithe lasendulo, aseTibetan, emithonjeni yaseNdiya.

Abantu asebekhulile baqoqa izinto ezingokoqobo futhi bazama ukuyihlela. Ngakho-ke, izincwadi ezenziwe ngesandla zabaseBabiloni ziqukethe ulwazi mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokulima inhlabathi, isikhathi sezitshalo, izilwane nezinyoni ezilimazayo kwezolimo. Imibhalo eminingi endala yamaShayina kusukela emakhulwini amane kuya ku-2 BC. E. Qinisekisa ukukhula kwezitshalo ezitshalwe izinhlobo ezahlukene. Incwadi engcwele yamaPheresiya asendulo igcwele izeluleko mayelana nesidingo sokuvikela umhlaba, ngaphandle kokuyihlambalaza ngezinto "ezingcolile", ukuvikela izilwane, ukuvikela amanzi nomlilo, ukusebenza ngokucophelela inhlabathi. Ku "Lay of Host Igor" kunezincazelo eziningi zezilwane.

Ngakho-ke, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo waqala ngokuvela kwezolimo, ezenzweni zezilwane, izitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, izakhi zokuqala zesimo sengqondo somuntu ezivela emvelweni zivele.

Ukukhuthazwa kwentuthuko eqhubekayo yezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kwakuyizinto eziningi ezitholakala endaweni yekhulu le-15, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe amasha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakukhona ukuqoqwa okusebenzayo nencazelo yendaba. Imisebenzi yabaningi bemvelo iqukethe ubufakazi bokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo eziphilayo, ukusatshalaliswa, izici zesakhiwo sezilwane nezitshalo ezihambisana nalokhu noma leyo ndawo.

Ubufakazi obuningi bemvelo buqoqiwe ososayensi (izazi zemvelo kanye nama geographer) aseRussia ngekhulu le-18. Phakathi kwezibalo ezivelele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, kufanele kuqashelwe II Lepekhin, SP Krasheninnikov, PS Pallas.

Phakathi nekhulu le-19 uK. Roullier (uprofesa waseMoscow University) waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi eRussia. Lo ososayensi wenza isimiso, esithathwa njengesisekelo sazo zonke izayensi yemvelo, yisimiso sokubumbana kwemvelo kanye nemvelo.

Izigaba ezilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kwemvelo zibhekwa ngabathengi, njengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi njengensimu entsha yolwazi mayelana nemvelo ejikelezayo. Kulokhu, inani elikhulu lezifundo ezahlukene laqala. Lezi zigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo zikhonjiswe ngencwadi ethi "Umsuka Wezinhlobo" ngo-1859, ukunqoba kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin. Ngakho-ke, isayensi iye yaba imfundiso yokujwayela izinto eziphilayo.

I-Haeckel ichaza imvelo njengengqikithi yolwazi oluhlobene nomnotho wemvelo. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwabo, yonke inkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana phakathi kwesilwane kanye nemvelo yayo, kokubili engavamile futhi ephilayo, iyaphenywa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuyinhloko, ngokusho kukaHaeckel, kukhona ukuhlolisisa ubudlelwane obusondelene noma obuseduze nalabo izitshalo nezilwane lapho isilwane esithile sithinta khona. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yemvelo yinkimbinkimbi yazo zonke ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi, ngokusho kukaDarwin, kuthiwa kudala umzabalazo wokuba khona ngezimiso .

Ngo-1910 i-Third World Botanical Congress yabizwa. Yayiqaphela ngokusemthethweni imvelo yezitshalo. Kwaphinde kwaphakamisa inkinga yokuhlukanisa isayensi eyaziwayo emkhakheni wemiphakathi yezitshalo kanye nokutshala abantu ngabanye.

Kusukela ekhulwini lama-20, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo uye wabonakala ngokuqala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezifundo ezihlukahlukene, ukudala imisebenzi eyisisekelo ephathelene nezinkinga zombili ezinkulu nezincane.

Kulezi zimo zanamuhla, kukhona ukwanda okuqhubekayo emtwini wolwazi. Izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zezemvelo, izinkinga zemvelo ezithinta izinto eziphilayo ziba yinhlangano yesayense yezikhungo eziningi zokucwaninga.

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