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Ummeli nobuqhawe Odessa (1941)

Ngokushesha isintu ngeke sigubha iminyaka lamashumi ayisikhombisa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ikakhulukazi okuphawulekayo kosuku abantu ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, ogama ogogo nomkhulu ngaphambili langemuva babenza konke okusemandleni ukuze isheshe usuku Victory Omkhulu. Musa ukusula ngekhanda womuntu iqiniso mayelana inhlekelele ukuthi ulilethele esintwini wobushiqela, mayelana ubuqhawe of the amaqhawe eyasindisa izwe kusukela 'nenhlupho nsundu ". Isibonelo, ngeke kukhohlakale ukuzivikela Odessa (1941). Wangena izincwadi ngempi nomlando njengoba omunye onobuhle yimpumelelo kakhulu leyo misebenzi.

Ummeli Odessa ngonyaka wokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe: ekuqaleni

Njengoba yaziwa, elaseSoviet Union kungazelelwe behlaselwa amazwe Juni 22, 1941 iyunithi wamaNazi ngonyaka, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezintathu kuphela, kanye nabanye, kwamiswa ngesilinganiso Southern Front. Ngokumelene naye endaweni ngilulekela phezu amakhilomitha angamakhulu ayisikhombisa ukusuka edolobheni lase-Odessa ukuze Lipkany alwa namabutho Romanian. Naphezu impumelelo Southern Uphambi isinyathelo baba ukubaleka kudingekile yezingxenye zayo kuya eMpumalanga ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbili empini. Iqiniso lokuthi omakhelwane bethu kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga abelusi baka Loti nabaka indlela engcono kakhulu, futhi has a sethubeni elihle ukungena imvelo. I wesihlanu Agasti ekulweni waqala ukuthatha indawo kakade emaphethelweni Odessa, futhi ngemva kwesonto bamabutho empi ukuvikela idolobha, wanqunywa ngokuphelele off kusukela amabutho eyinhloko Southern Front, njengoba amabutho Romanian-German bakwazi ukuthola azungeze umuzi kusukela empumalanga, niyise ku encirclement.

Izingxenye abathintekayo ekulweni nhlangothi zombili ezilwayo

Ngesikhathi lapho umuzi uzungezwe Amayunithi Romanian Army futhi Wehrmacht ngokuphelele, kwakukhona ingxenye Independent Coastal Army, elaliholwa uLieutenant General Georgiy Pavlovich Safronov, amabutho Sea Fleet futhi Odessa Naval Base, kanye abezempi, ehlanganisa ngokwabo izakhamuzi. Sekukonke amandla sivikele ekuqaleni Agasti 1941 zaba izinkulungwane zabantu 34.5, kodwa ekupheleni September - amasosha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 86 kanye nezidlamlilo. Ngokuphathelene inombolo Romanian Army, okuyinto yayalwa Nikolae Chuperka, ukubunjwa yayo ekuvinjezelweni Odessa wathatha ingxenye amasosha 340 000 nezinduna.

Odessa avinjezelwe

Agasti ibhidi lesishiyagalolunye kwanqunywa ukuba ahlele endaweni ukuzivikela (SPA) iphansi kwesandla sika-engemuva Admiral Gavriila Vasilevicha Zhukova, eyayihlanganisa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

  • Fontanka.
  • cap sakhe.
  • Kovalenko.
  • Otradovki.
  • Pervomaisk.
  • Belyaevka.
  • Lighthouses.
  • Carolino Bugaz.

Ngemva nje kwalokho, kwaqala umsebenzi ukwakhiwa ezivikelweni, kanye kumiswa nabezempi kusukela phakathi izakhamuzi Odessa, okuyinto khishwa zempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekupheleni kuka-August ukusiza abavikeli Odessa Black Sea Fleet umyalo usunike izinkulungwane zabantu 2,4, futhi ngo-September 15 emzini Novorossiysk wayiswa 157th Infantry Division. Kuyinto sibonga ukwesekwa Manpower ukuzivikela oluqine kangaka indawo Odessa futhi iphukile cha.

abavikeli komuzi, hhayi kuphela labetibambile emgqeni ekulweni nesitha, kodwa futhi baqhuba uchungechunge lisebenze ngempumelelo okuhlaselayo. Ikakhulukazi, engxenyeni eseMpuma- ukuzivikela maphakathi no-September waphonswa lawela lomoya nolwandle nokushaya ezikhishwe Grigorievsky nemizana Chabanka, Old and New Dofinovki. Labadubuli inqanyuliwe port Odessa futhi amanzi awo, futhi isimo salo lonke front line is kakhulu uhlaliseke.

ukubaleka

Ummeli Odessa wadutshulwa Okthoba 16, 1941, futhi idolobha yadluliselwa kwamasosha Romanian. Isizathu kwaba amasu yezakhi Amathenda, okuyinto kubhekwa ukuthi isimo ngaleso sikhathi esiqondisweni YaseCrimea, kungcono ukwenza ukudluliselwa amasosha bavaleleka emzini ngasolwandle e Sevastopol.

Ngokuvamile, emlandweni impi zimbalwa izibonelo kokuphothula imisebenzi Ukuhoxiswa amabutho umugqa engaxhumani isitha ne ukulahlekelwa okungenani kanye nokugcina ukulwa zabo amakhono. Omunye walena uwukuba kuhlengwe izingxenye, bafeza ukuzivikela Odessa, iziphi ke ebhaliwe nabezindaba Soviet, "waphuma emzini, ngeke ibala udumo lwakho."

Umsebenzi futhi izisulu

Ummeli Odessa futhi Sevastopol abiza ibutho laseSoviet, okuyinto phakathi neMpi Yezwe II wakhonza njengephayona abamele zonke izizwe abahlala eSoviet Union, kuhlanganise Ukraine, izinkulungwane zabantu. Kwakukhona izisulu eziningi phakathi lezakhamuzi. Ikakhulukazi, ngokushesha ngemva ukuzivikela Odessa yathathwa (1941), ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu Kwakuseshwa khona. sina Ikakhulukazi waba ukulahlekelwa eziyivelakancane Jewish maqondana lapho Romanian umsebenzi amabutho eyenziwa inqubomgomo kuchazwa ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli dolobha kwalethwa iziboshwa zempi, lelo, kanye abasebenzi kweSoviet futhi labo ayikwazanga ukubonisa ukuthi akanacala kuya "uhlanga eliphansi ', okokuqala nokuboshwa kulendzawo yangaphambilini neziqhumane esitolo, bese esingu noma ashiswa ephila, kokuba kuthululwe wokwakha uphethiloli.

ukukhululwa

Ukuxoshwa izidalwa ezihlala Odessa waqala Apreli 9, 1944 njengengxenye operation lempi eyenziwa yi-Third Ukrainian Front, elaliholwa Army General Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ekuseni, nomuzi wawungowegolide ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula iRed Army, okuyinto baqhubeka ecasula baphumelele isiqondiso Dniester.

Indondo "Ukuze wezokuVikela Odessa": ngubani inikezwa

Lo mklomelo yasungulwa ngo-December 1942. Yayihloselwe ukuhlonipha amasosha nalabo nezakhamuzi eziye ezithathwe ingxenye oqondile ekumeleleni Odessa ngesikhathi kusuka 5 Agasti 16 Okthoba 1941. Kujwayele zigqokwe webele kwesokunxele, kwesokudla indondo "Ngoba Defense of Moscow", uma ikhona.

Kubukeka sengathi indondo

Lokhu mklomelo ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali noma nethusi umbuthano ububanzi 3.2 amasentimitha. I obverse ubonisa iRed Army futhi Red Navy sibalo nge izingalo ezandleni zabo ngokumelene ngemuva kolwandle esimelela umbhoshongo yesibani. Ngqo ngaphezu eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "USSR", ngisho ephakeme emaphethelweni emjikelezweni okulotshwe ezincwadini ephakanyiswe inkulumo ethi "Ukuze wezokuVikela Odessa", esiphakathi izinkanyezi ezimbili ezincane. Ingxenye engezansi obverse lihlotshiswe umqhele umfire, zithandelana kuze kudabuke umhlane. Ngokuqondene reverse, ukuthi lwalumenza ilebula tendzabuko imiklomelo Soviet ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe - "Ukuze Motherland yethu namaSoviet", phezu kwawo aqoshwa isando isikela. Medal "Ukuze ukuzivikela Odessa" nge esiyingini ithebhu unamathele strip elongate ngesimo a pentagon, embozwe usilika-umbala ezimbili ezimthende iribhoni (ezintathu blue nemidwa ezimbili eziluhlaza ububanzi alinganayo). Ngokusho 1985, le ndondo wethulwa abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu lamasosha iRed Army we Navy futhi NKVD amasosha nezakhamuzi.

isikhumbuzo

Ummeli nobuqhawe Odessa, wehlela emlandweni njengoba omunye bhá izibonelo lokushisekela ubuzwe abantu baseSoviet. Kukhunjulwa labo Banikela ngokuphila kwabo ukuba bavikele umuzi kusukela blue sea, ngo-1975 endaweni lapho ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II ixazululwe isikhundla 411th ibhethri ugu, isikhumbuzo lesikhumbuzo. I eziyinkimbinkimbi embukisweni eziphathelene nezempi, laqanjwa sculptural ngesimo sibalo yowesifazane usosizini isidumbu, kanye tshe "Katyusha". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibandla elakhiwa phezu kwalo ensimini ka yisikhumbuzo ku Georgiya Pobedonostsa.

Esinye isakhiwo omkhulu eklanyelwe kube isikhumbuzo esiphakade we ubuqhawe of the amaqhawe ukuthi ukuzivikela nobuqhawe Odessa Waboshwa onyakeni wokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe - a "Leli bhande Lodumo", okuyinto izikhumbuzo 11. Zazakhiwe ezindaweni lapho kwakukhona lo yabambana ngezihluthu kakhulu. Njalo ngonyaka ngo-Ephreli, owawuse-Odessa kanye nokuhamba elide ngebhayisikili umjaho eduze "Leli bhande Lodumo", siyigubhe esenzeka ngalo wenkululeko kubahlaseli amaNazi.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi kungakanani yathatha ukuzivikela Odessa, yiziphi izingxenye sebelithathile ingxenye kuwo, futhi kwaba namiphi imiphumela yayo.

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