Umsebenzi we-East Prussian (1945). Ukusebenza okweqile kweMpi Yamazwe Omkhulu

Ngaphesheya phambi emikhulu okuhlaselayo yeSoviet Union-ke kwenziwa ebusika 1945. Amasosha wamshaya amagalelo enamandla kuzo zonke izindawo. Umyalo eyenziwa Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, u-Alexander Vasilevsky, no-Ivan Bagramyan futhi uVladimir Tributs. Ngaphambi ngamabandla abo Yayiyini injongo ebaluleke kakhulu Tactical futhi amasu.

Januwari 13 waqala ukusebenza ezidumile eMpumalanga-Prussian ngo-1945. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukwenza elula - ukuchoboza ukubhubhisa iqembu asele German e yaseMpumalanga Prussia kanye enyakatho ingxenye Poland, ukuze uvule indlela Berlin. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi wawubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ekukhanyeni nokuqedwa izinsalela ukumelana. Namuhla, kucatshangwa ukuthi amaJalimane wayesenze amaphutha cishe iwine. Lena akuyona ngakho.

izimfanelo ezibalulekile ukuze ukusebenza

Okokuqala, yaseMpumalanga Prussia kwaba umugqa enamandla zokuzivikela, okuyinto ngempela ukwazi ngempumelelo lokuzivikela izinyanga eziningi, enika amaJalimane isikhathi ikhotha amanxeba. Okwesibili, izikhulu eziphezulu German kungaba ukusebenzisa noma isiphi khefu ukuqedwa ngokomzimba uHitler ekuqaleni ezingxoxweni ukuthula ahlukene nge "umbimbi" yethu (kukhona eziningi ubufakazi kwezinhlelo ezinjalo). Kwakunzima ukugwema noma iyiphi kulezi zimo. Nge isitha kufanele ngokushesha futhi esiwujuqu ukuqeda.

izici esifundeni

Emkhawulweni empumalanga kakhulu Prussia kwaba esifundeni kuyingozi kakhulu, abase beqale ukuba Imigwaqo kanye airfields eziningi elikuvumela ukuba ngokushesha ulithumele ngokusebenzisa lenqwaba amasosha nezikhali esindayo. Le ndawo kufana Imvelo uqobo lwayo eyakhelwe ukuzivikela zokugcina. Kukhona amachibi amaningi, imifula bogs, ezenza kube okuhlaselayo nzima kakhulu futhi ukuphoqelela isitha ukulandela ulungise futhi baqinise "imihubhe".

Mhlawumbe imisebenzi okuhlaselayo iRed Army aphume kweSoviet Union awazange ngakho inkimbinkimbi. Selokhu izinsuku zamaJalimane Order endaweni wayegcwele izakhiwo ukuzivikela, eziningi zazo okwakungeze enamandla kakhulu. Ngokushesha ngemva 1943, ngesikhathi impi ka 1941-1945 yathinteka, ngesikhathi eKursk, amaJalimane okokuqala baye bakubona ngawabo ukuba kungenzeka ukunqotshwa. On umsebenzi ukuqinisa la imigqa kwaba ukuba balahle zonke labantu enamandla futhi inani elikhulu iziboshwa. Kafushane, amaNazi uzilungiselele inkazimulo.

Ukwehluleka - kuzalwa wokunqoba

Ngokuvamile, okuhlaselayo ebusika wayengeyena owokuqala, futhi ukusebenza kuqala futhi East-Prussian kakhulu. 1945 kuphela ukuqhubeka lokho okwaqalwa amabutho ku-October 1944, lapho amabutho aseSoviet bakwazi ukuhambisa endaweni enezivikelo eziqinile amakhilomitha yikhulu. Ngenxa ukumelana namandla German kuhlulekile sidlule.

Nokho, ukwehluleka kubhekwa nzima. Okokuqala, base okuthembekile yasungulwa. Okwesibili, nezinduna zempi futhi yazuza okuhlangenwe nakho eliyigugu futhi bakwazi uzizwe thakathaka lesitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhona nje ukuthi uqala ekuthumbeni emazweni German wayesebenzela amaNazi kucindezela (nakuba ngaso sonke isikhathi).

Amabutho we Wehrmacht

Defense labetibambile Army Iqembu "Isikhungo", iphansi kwesandla sika-Georg Reinhardt. On kwakulwiwa: zonke lwesithathu Panzer Army Erhard raus, kuhlanganisa Fridriha Hossbaha, futhi Valtera Vaysa.

amasosha ethu ngokushesha ebhekene 41 Division, kanye inani elikhulu amasosha ukubuthwa amalungu iningi khono ngivikele Volkssturm wendawo. Zonke amaJalimane okungenani kwakunamaJuda 580.000 amasosha, kanye ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 200 folksshturmovtsev. By sivikele amaNazi wadonsa amathangi 700 nezibhamu self ezinezinjini, ezingaphezu kuka-500 ukulwa izindiza futhi kungathi izinkulungwane 8.5. Pieces wezikhali kanye osezingeni izigqulo ezinkulu.

Yiqiniso, umlando iMpi Patriotic ka 1941-1945. Ngazi ngaphezulu combat-ngomumo uxhumano isiJalimane, kodwa endaweni kwaba ekahle kakhulu ukuzivikela, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi amandla anjalo kwakwanele.

Umyalo German sekunqunyiwe ukuba siye e ubambe esifundeni, kungakhathaliseki inani ukulahlekelwa. Kwakuthinta ngempela elungisisiwe ngoba Prussia kwaba zithuthukisa ephelele kusengaphambili ngokwengeziwe amasosha aseSoviet. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma amaJalimane wakwazi ziyakwenyanyisa le ababekade bethunjiwe ndawo, ke awavumele uzame balwe. Kunoma ikuphi, izinsiza kulendawo ezongenza isikhathi agony eJalimane.

Yayiyini amabutho ekuchithweni kwayo, umyalo Soviet owenzela ukusebenza East-Prussian ngo-1945 ngesikhathi?

amabutho wase-USSR

Kodwa izazimlando lempi kuwo wonke amazwe zikholelwa ukuthi abashaywayo zempi amaNazi babengenalo ithuba. Soviet ngabaholi bezempi lusebenze ngokugcwele ku-akhawunti ukwehluleka edlwengulwa lokuqala, wakhe ubuhanjelwe eyodwa kuphela amandla Okwesithathu Front isi-Byelorussian. Kulokhu, kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise amandla we yonke Panzer Army, ezinhlanu ithangi amabutho, amabutho amabili emoyeni, okuyinto, ngaphezu, waqinisa 2 isiBelorussia Front.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo offensive kwakuyilungelo elingakanani ukusekela indiza Yokuqala Baltic Front. Sekukonke, ukusebenza ngaphezulu kwengxenye yesigidi abantu babesebenza, izibhamu ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 esikhulu osezingeni ezigqulweni, acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezine amathangi nezibhamu self ezinezinjini, kanye akukho esingaphansi yizinkulungwane ezintathu izindiza. Uma ukhumbula izenzakalo ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ukuhlasela ku yaseMpumalanga Prussia, kuyoba phakathi izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu.

Ngakho, amabutho ethu (ngaphandle abezempi) amabutho kuno amaJalimane kathathu phezu kwabantu wezikhali e 2,5 izikhathi, amathangi kanye izindiza - cishe 4.5 izikhathi. Ezindaweni inzuzo ukufohla umangele nakakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha aseSoviet abazange baxoshwe, amabutho angako EC-2 amathangi, ACS Isitayela-152/122/100 futhi akungabazeki ukuthi anqobe ngakho wayekhona. Nokho, njengoba ku ukulahlekelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu, njengoba le nhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi Wehrmacht kule sayithi ngokukhethekile ukuba kubizwe abomdabu of Prussia, eyalwa ngamandla zokugcina.

Inkambo eyinhloko ukusebenza

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-operation East Prussian ka-1945? Januwari 13, waqala isinyathelo, okuyinto sasekelwa emoyeni iziteleka kanye ethangini. Okunye amabutho asekelwe kuhlasela. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekuqaleni awuzange le ekhuthazayo iku, impumelelo okusheshayo akwenzekanga.

Okokuqala, njengoba usuku luqhubeka "D" ngasese kuhlulekile. AmaJalimane wakwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo pre-emptive ngokudonsa kusayithi okuhlongozwayo ukufohla inombolo enkulu kungenzeka amabutho. Okwesibili, wafingqa isimo sezulu, okwakuyinto kunikela nokusebenzisa umoya kanye wezikhali. kamuva Rokossovsky wakhumbula ukuthi isimo sezulu olufana ucezu esiqinile inkungu ezimanzi, okufakwe lapha nge iqhwa obukhulu. Aircraft ukuphahlazeka kwakungamadodana iphuzu kuphela: abasekele ngokugcwele amabutho ethuthuka kuhlulekile. ekuhlaseleni Ngisho usuku lonke ngihlezi, njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ingenzele izikhundla isitha.

izenzakalo ezinjalo kweMpi Yezwe II zazivamile. Bavame waphula yokubukisa abasebenzi iziyalo wathembisa ukulahlekelwa ezengeziwe.

"General Inkungu"

Gunners sasinezimiso ngokudabuka: ukubonakala wona wawungemubi kangako ukuthi ukulungiswa komlilo kwakungenakwenzeka, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwadingeka ukuba adubule kuphela iphuzu-blank uhla 150-200 amamitha. I inkungu kwaba obukhulu ukuze kule "lokudlela" walahlekelwa ngisho imisindo yokuqhuma, futhi kuphela hit okuhloswe ngaso sonke ukuze angabonwa.

Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kunomthelela omubi ijubane okuhlaselayo. elihamba German emigceni zokuzivikela lesibili nelesithathu ungazange balahlekelwa sina futhi aqhubeka ngentukuthelo ngokuthwebula umlilo. Ezindaweni eziningi, kwaqala Melee abanolaka, futhi kwezinye izimo isitha a counteroffensive. Ezindaweni eziningi ngosuku by izikhathi eziyishumi lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye. Kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibi kwaba izinsuku ezimbalwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho elihamba wamaSoviet waqhubeka ukuze methodically zephule izivikelo German.

Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo Soviet kule nkathi kakade elinesimo wezikhali ukulungiselela ngokungashwampuluzi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi izindiza nezimoto zempi. Izenzakalo ngalezo zinsuku on ukushisa e neze kunabayeni izimpi 1942-1943., Uma babekezelela kwakulwelwa phandle kwayena elihamba elula.

ibutho laseSoviet sebebe nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni: Januwari 18, amabutho Chernyakhovsky ayengakwazi ukuphula ngokusebenzisa ukuzivikela bese udala ububanzi nangapha 65 amakhilomitha esenyukele ezijulile izikhundla isitha amakhilomitha 40 nje. Ngalesi sikhathi isimo sezulu uhlaliseke, ngakho okuholela intuthuko utshaza namaloli armored, elisekelwa emoyeni ukuhlaselwa izindiza kanye fighters. Yaqala kanjalo-ke okuhlaselayo emikhulu we (WaseSoviet).

impumelelo Ivikela

Januwari 19 sathathwa Tilsit. Leli lalinomcengezi amandla enkemba ngomlilo Neman. Ngaphambi Januwari 22 uvinjiwe ngokuphelele instersburgskaya iqembu. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, amaJalimane wamelana ngolaka elwa abangu eside. Kuphela kwezinye izindlela Gumbinnen amasosha ethu wacasulwa ngokushesha eziyishumi counterattacks okukhulu. wasekela yethu, umuzi wawa. Kakade ngo-January 22, wakwazi Insterburg.

Ezinsukwini ezimbili ezilandelayo baletha impumelelo entsha: Ayikwazi ifohle izivikelo endaweni Heylsbergskogo. Ngo-January 26, amabutho ethu wafika enhla nenyakatho eKönigsberg. Kodwa lokushaya ka Koenigsberg ke kuhlulekile ngoba kokubili edolobheni wahlala phansi ikhanda eziqinile namaJalimane ezinhlanu ezigabeni zabo kuqhathaniswa fresh.

Isigaba sokuqala kuhlasela sekukaningi yaqedwa ngempumelelo. Nokho, Impumelelo besilokhu aluphelele, ngoba ahaqe futhi abhubhise amabutho amabili armored amabutho ethu kuhlulekile: isitha izimoto armored wathutha esivikelweni ngomumo eyenziwe.

abazihlelele

Ngokokuqala ngqá civil lapha amasosha ethu awahlangabezananga. AmaJalimane babaleka ngokushesha njengoba amambuka asele wamemezela futhi ngokuvamile adutshulwe siqu sakhe. Esiphuthumayo lahlelwa kubi kangangokuthi cishe yonke impahla lahlala izindlu esishiywe dengwane. Veterans wethu kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi yaseMpumalanga Prussia-1945 njengomuntu ehlane yokuqothulwa: babefanele ukuphumula izindlu enazo, lapho etafuleni wayesalokhu izitsha kanye nokudla, kodwa amaJalimane ngokwabo babengasekho.

Ekugcineni, lenani "namaqaba zasendle futhi igazi-womile kusukela East" badlala Goebbels ihlaya ezimbi, izakhamuzi isidumo ezinjalo ukuba bashiye imizi yabo, okuyinto ukulayisha ngokuphelele zonke ujantshi umgwaqo izixhumanisi, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi German amabutho bazithola sibambekile wehluleka ngokushesha ukuze ushintshe indawo yayo.

ukuthuthukiswa ecasula

Ngu -January 20 amabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Marshal Rokossovsky, babelungiselela ukuya Vistula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo we Amathenda kwafika ukuze ushintshe Vector zokuhlasela, futhi ukudluliselwa imizamo esiyinhloko i sekugcineni ekuseni off isitha East Prussian. Amasosha kwadingeka ukuba ujike uye enyakatho. Kodwa ngaphandle ukusekela iqembu asele amabutho ngempumelelo ayeka emzini wesitha.

Ngakho, troopers bakwazi ukuba singangeni ngenkani Oslikovskogo Allenstein futhi kudluliswa ngokuphelele ikhanda isitha. Lo muzi wahlaselwa mhlaka-22 Januwari futhi zonke izindawo ezinezivikelo eziqinile ku namaphethelo ezibhujisiwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, amaqembu big German basongelwa ngokuthi encirclement, ngakho waqala ngokuxhamazela ashona. Nokho, ukubaleka kwabo wayehamba ngejubane Umnenke, njengoba yonke imigwaqo wavinjwa ngu ababaleki. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaJalimane balahlekelwa esindayo, futhi bakamalalahlengezela athathwe njengoba abathunjwa. Ngo-January 26 Soviet armored sivinjelwe ngokuphelele Elbing.

Ngalesi sikhathi, amabutho wafohla kuya kakhulu Fedyuninskogo Elbing, zaze tindlelanchubo neMarienburg, ukuze uthole okunye nokujikijela juqu ekuthumbeni bridgehead esikhulu ebhange kwesokudla Vistula. Januwari 26, ngemva wezikhali isiteleka enamandla, neMarienburg wawa.

Flanking eziqhelelene amabutho njengoba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi eyabelwe kubo. District Masurian emaxhaphozini yathinteka ngokushesha, bakwazi ukuya ukuwela Vistula ke Army 70 ngo-January 23 egasela e Bydgoszcz, Torun kanyekanye ivinjiwe.

German-Simoni

Ngenxa yalokho, leli qembu wamabutho "Isikhungo" iye ancamuka kusukela zimpahla kanye nenkinga walahlekelwa ngenxa insimu German. Hitler yathukuthela, bese esikhundleni induna yeqembu. Njengoba bemiswe ukuba lokhu okuthunyelwe Elisabeth Rendulic. Ngokushesha, zabulawa ezehlela induna Okwesine Army Hossbach, okuyinto lashintsha laba Mueller.

Emzamweni wokuba ephule ukuvinjezelwa ukubuyisela izimpahla ezweni, amaJalimane ihlelwe esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo endaweni Heylsberga, bezama ukuthola e neMarienburg. Sekukonke, lo msebenzi abathintekayo ukwahlukana ayisishiyagalombili nje, omunye okwakuwuphawu ethangini. Abaphumelelanga ngobusuku Januwari 27 ukuze ucindezela kakhulu ngamandla Army wethu 48. Mina waqala ukulwa nenkani, eyathatha izinsuku ezine zilandelana. Ngenxa yalokho, isitha wakwazi ukuba singangeni ngenkani amakhilomitha 50 ezikhundleni yethu. Kodwa ke kwafika marshal Rokossovsky: ngemuva kwesiteleka omkhulu amaJalimane ephukile futhi abuyela ezikhundleni zabo odlule.

Ekugcineni Baltic Front uJanuwari 28, wathatha ngokuphelele Klaipeda, Lithuania ekugcineni wadedelwa amabutho amaNazi.

Imiphumela Main okuhlaselayo

Ekupheleni kuka-January, ingxenye enkulu yeNhlonhlo Samland kwakuhlezi ngokugcwele, okuholela Kaliningrad esizayo ubekade umkhumbi. Sazungezwa ngokuphelele izingcezu abahlakazekile amabutho yesithathu neyesine, ababekwa esasizobhujiswa. Babefanele ukulwa kanyekanye nezimpi eziningana, wonke amabutho sivikele ezinqabeni lokugcina ogwini, lapho umyalo German namanje ngandlela-thile uveze zimpahla kanye zalapho.

Isikhundla amabutho asele kakhulu nzima lokuthi konke amaqembu wamabutho Wehrmacht zafakwa ngokushesha dissected zibe izingxenye ezintathu. ENhlonhlweni Samland, babe izinsalela izigaba ezine e eKönigsberg wahlala isikaniso enamandla kanye ezengeziwe ukwahlukana ezinhlanu. Okungenani abahlanu ukwahlukana cishe yaphihlizeka kukhona emgqeni Brownsburg-Heylsberg, futhi kokuba acindezelwe olwandle kungenzeka ukuhlasela elalingazange. Nokho, akukho lutho ukulahlekelwa futhi babengazazi uzonikeza kubo.

Yesikhathi eside amacebo isitha

Akubalulekile ukuba sicabangele njengabantu abashiseka ngokweqile abaqotho Hitler: babenesifiso uhlelo enikeza ukuvikela eKönigsberg bese iphakama kuwo umuzi zonke izingxenye lokusinda. Uma uphumelele, zaziyokwazi yini ukubuyisa uxhumo ezweni udabule eKönigsberg, Brandenburg. Ngokuvamile, impi lwalungakapheli, amabutho ukhathele Soviet kwakudingeka phefu futhi umthamo wemvula. Izinga frazzled zabo ezimpini abanolaka libonisa okungenani yokuthi ukuhlasela sokugcina eKönigsberg awuzange uqale kwaze kwaba April 8-9.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko amasosha ethu kwenziwa: bakwazi ukuphula isikhungo enamandla eqenjini isitha. kwaphulwa Zonke izivikelo German enamandla wathumba eKönigsberg wavinjezelwa esiqhelile ngaphandle zokuthutha kanye nezinhlamvu ukudla, futhi noma iyiphi amabutho asele amaNazi endaweni lalihlukene ngokuphelele nomunye futhi kakhulu igugile ezimpini. Ingxenye enkulu yaseMpumalanga Prussia, ngemigqa yayo eqinile yokuzivikela lathunjwa. Endleleni, amabutho ala Army Soviet ekhulule izindawo enyakatho yePoland.

Okunye ukusebenza ukuqeda izinsalela amaNazi wagqoka ibutho Okwesithathu izimpi isi-Byelorussian futhi Okokuqala aseBaltic. Qaphela ukuthi 2 Belarus phambi igxile isiqondiso Pomeranian. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesikhathi zihlasela phakathi kwamabutho Zhukov futhi Rokossovsky kwakheka igebe, okungase hit kusuka Eastern Pomerania. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi yonke imizamo okwalandela ziye iqondiswe kuhlelembisa iziteleka yabo ngokuhlanganyela.