Iyini izinga lesikhathi se-geological?

Iyini izinga lesikhathi se-geological? Yini eyenzelwe yona? Le mibuzo neminye imibuzo uzothola izimpendulo kulesi sihloko. Isilinganiso se-geochronological (i-stratigraphic scale) isilinganiso se-geological temporal yomlando womhlaba. Lisetshenziswe ku-paleontology ne-geology - luhlobo lwekhalenda ngezikhathi eziningana zesikhathi.

Ubudala beplanethi yethu

Uyazi ukuthi isilinganiso se-geochronological se- geological time? Ochwepheshe beminyaka engu-Earth kulinganiselwa eminyakeni engu-4.6 billion. Emhlabeni wethu wathola amaminerali namadwala angase abe ofakazi endalweni yakhe. Ukuguga ngokweqile kweMhlaba kunciphisa iminyaka yobudala bokuqala obuqinile ohlelweni lwethu lweplanethi - ukungeniswa kwemikhawulo, okucebile ku-aluminium kanye ne-calcium (i-CAI) kusuka kuma-chondrites e-carbonaceous chondrites.

Ngokomphumela wezivivinyo zanamuhla nge-lead-uranium indlela, iminyaka ye-CAI evela ku-Allende meteor yiminyaka engu-4,568.5 yezigidi. Njengamanje, lo mbono wonyaka we-solar system uthathwa njengenembile kakhulu. Umhlaba ungasungulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunalesi sikhathi - ngamashumi amaningana ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Isilinganiso sesikhathi se-geological sijabulisa kakhulu. Isikhathi esilandelayo emlandweni weMhlaba sihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Imingcele yabo ithinta izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenzeka.

Umngcele ophakathi kwezikhathi ze-Phanerozoic ubonakala ngezimo ezinkulu eziguquguqukayo - ukuqothulwa komhlaba wonke. Kusukela ku-Mesozoic, i-Paleozoic ihlukaniswa yizinhlobo ezinkulu ze-Triassic-Permian ezanyamalala emlandweni weMhlaba. I-Cenozoic ne-Mesozoic ihlukaniswa nokuqedwa kwe-Cretaceous-Paleogene.

Umlando wokubukeka kwesilinganiso

Isikhathi sesikhathi se-geological sakhiwe kanjani? I-nomenclature kanye nobukhulu bezinhlaka eziningi zamagumbi wamanje we-geochronological zamukelwa ngo-1881-1900. Ngezifundo ze-II-VII ze-Interethnic Geological Congress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-World Geochronological Scale yayisungulwa njalo.

Izikhathi zaqanjwa ngokusho ngezibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, amagama asezindaweni asetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, igama lesikhathi se - Devonia livela esifundeni saseDononshire e-England, i-Jurassic evela ezintabeni zaseYurophu zaseJura, iPermian evela ku-Perm naseCambrian kusukela nge-lat. Cambria, igama leWales.

Izigaba ze-Vendian, iSilurian ne-Ordovician zibizwa ngezizwe zasendulo. Amagama ahlobene nokwakhiwa kwamadwala asetshenziswe kakhulu. I-Carboniferous epoch ibizwa ngokuthi ngenxa yocingo elikhulu lama-coal seams, kanti i-Cretaceous ingenxa yokwanda kweshoko sokubhala.

Isisekelo sokwakhiwa

Isikhathi sesikhathi se-geological sakhiwe ukuze sithole ubujamo obunemibandela ye-geognosy yamadwala. Ukuguga okungapheli, kulinganiswa ngeminyaka, kubaluleke kakhulu kwezazi ze geologists.

Ukuphila Komhlaba kuhlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-cryptozoic (Precambrian) ne-Phanerozoic, ngokubukeka kwezinsalela ze-archaic emadwaleni e-sedimentary. Ku-cryptozoids kwakukhona izidalwa ezinamatholezi kuphela ezingazange zishiye amathrekhi emadwaleni e-sedimentary. Lesi yisigaba sokuphila okungabonakali.

I-Phanerozoic yaqala ngesikhathi sokubonakala emngceleni we-Cambrian ne-Ediacaric (i-Vendian) ubuningi bezimvukuzane nezinye izinto eziphilayo, okwenza abahlengikazi behlukanisa imithwalo yezinhlayiyana kanye nezinhlayiya zezilwane zasendle nemifino.

Isikali se-geological time of the Earth sinokuhlukana okukodwa okukhulu, okungafani nemizamo yokuqala yokuhlukanisa umlando weplanethi yethu ibe ngezikhathi eziningana zesikhashana. Khona-ke lo mlando wonke wahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezine: eyinhloko, efana ne-Precambrian, eyesibili - iMesozoic nePaleozoic, ephakeme - i-Cenozoic ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokugcina se-Quaternary. Isigaba se-Quaternary sithatha isikhundla esikhethekile. Lona umjikelezo omncane kunazo zonke, kwakuyizinombolo eziningi zezenzakalo, okulandelwayo okungcono kunabanye.

Eons

Isikali se-geological time iyithuluzi elidingekile kubo bonke abakwa geographer. I-Cryptozoic noma i-Precambrian yenzeka eminyakeni engu-4 billion-542 million eminyakeni edlule. I-Oo ihlukile kulezo zakhi ezazingenawo amagobolondo aqinile namahlumela. Ukutholakala kwabo nomlando akunakwenzeka ukubona, kuphela kumamaki angavamile ematje.

Isikhathi sesikhathi se-Phanerozoic singu-542 million eminyakeni edlule kuze kube namuhla. Inqunywa yizingxenye eziqinile zezinto eziphilayo nezinambuzane, ukuze umlando wokuthuthukiswa kokuphila ungalandelwa ngosizo lwezinsalela. Ukuphila okufihlekile kudlulele kusobala, ngokusobala ngoba umkhathi wawugcwele umoya-mpilo. Okulandelayo kwafika ungqimba lwe-ozone, oluvikela iplanethi kusuka emkhathini ovela ngaphandle.

Izinguquko ezinjalo zomkhathi zibangelwa ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo eziningi ezithinta umoya-mpilo.

I-Paleozoic Era

Ngakho-ke, sesivele sazi ukuthi isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuphila se-Phanerozoic sini. Futhi yini i-Paleozoic? Lena impilo yasendulo, eyayikhona eminyakeni engu-542-251 yezigidi edlule, "kuma-dinosaurs." Ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezilandelayo:

• Isigaba se-Cambrian: izigidi ezingu-542-488 eminyakeni edlule. Lokhu ngokuyisisekelo impilo yasolwandle. Iqembu elivame kakhulu lezinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular yi-trilobites. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo zinjengokuthi ngeke neze zibe emlandweni (ungasho ukuthi "ukuqhuma kweCambrian").
• Isikhathi sama-Ordovician: eminyakeni engu-488-444 yezigidi edlule. Ama-mollusks nama-coral ajwayelekile. Ama-invertebrates okuqala awavela - izitshalo ze-fungoid ezinjengezinhlanzi nezomhlaba.
• Isiteji se-Silurian: iminyaka engu-444-416 eminyakeni edlule. I-arthropods nezitshalo zivumelane nomhlaba, kunezinhlanzi eziningi. Ukuphila kolwandle nolwandle kuqala ukufana nalokho okwamanje.
• I-gap Devoni: 416-359 million eminyakeni edlule. Kwakukhona izinambuzane, izicabucabu nezinambuzane. Umhlabathi uvela. I-Kistepoye ne-lungfishes zashintshwa ukuze ziphile emhlabeni.
• I-Carbon, noma isigaba seCarboniferous: izigidi ezingu-359-299 eminyakeni edlule. Kuqokwe ukuhlukahluka okuthakazelisayo komfula wezwe (ezikhathini zangaphambilini kwakunjalo emhlabeni wonke). Kukhona ama-arthropods amakhulu, ama-reptile. Izinambuzane zinezindiza yangempela. Amanzi amaningi, njengoba izimila ezifa zebhaktheriya azikwazi ukulahla. Ezilwandle nasolwandle izinhlanzi zibusa izinhlanzi nezinye izinhlanzi ezinamandla.
• Perm, noma inkathi yasePermian: eminyakeni engu-299-251 yezigidi edlule. Emhlabeni, i-arhosaurs yokuqala yazalwa, okhokho bama-dinosaurs, kanye nama-cynodonts amazinyo ahlukahlukene yiwokhokho oqondile wezilwane ezincelisayo. Kwakukhona izilwane ezinkulu ezinonya, njenge-dimetrodon, ezitholela ukushisa kwelanga ngosizo "lwesitimela".

I-Mesozoic Era

Ngisho nezingane ziyazi ukuthi isilinganiso sesikhathi sesikhathi sezwe sini. Ibanga lesi-7, ngokuhambisana nekharikhulamu yesikolo, lifunda le ndaba. Abafundi bayazi ukuthi iMesozoic yinkathi yezidinosaurs ezikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-251-65.5 ezedlule. Lesi sigaba saziwa ngemigudu elandelayo:

• Isikhathi se-Triassic: iminyaka eyi-251-200 yezigidi edlule. Ukuhlukahluka kwama-vertebrates kuye kwehle kakhulu, ngoba ukuphela kokuphela komhlaba kwenzekile eMhlabeni. Izinhlanzi, amaxoxo, ama-megastroids (izilwane ezincelisayo zangempela), ama-turtles kanye nama-pterosaurs yizilwane zokuqala ezikwazi ukuhamba.
• Isikhathi seJurassic: eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-200-146 eminyakeni edlule. Emanzini, izilwanyana zasolwandle zibusa, kuma - dinosaurs, nasemoyeni - pterosaurs. Izilwane ezifuywayo ze-Jurassic zincane kakhulu futhi zifana nezinambuzane nezimbongolo - i-niche eyodwa kuphela ewile ngemva kwezintuthwane.
• Isikhathi se-cretaceous: iminyaka engu-146-65.5 yezigidi edlule. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-dinosaurs zifinyelela usayizi wazo ophezulu. Kunezinambuzane zenhlalakahle, izitshalo zezimbali, izinyoka, izinyoni zangempela, izilwane ezincelisayo.

Ukuqothulwa

Ubani othanda i-geography? Isilinganiso sesikhathi se-geological ngenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kule ndaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Mesozoic ne-Cenozoic ihlukaniswe kakhulu kunazo zonke, kepha hhayi ukuqothulwa kuningi emlandweni weplanethi yethu. Ngaleso sikhathi, yonke i-microfauna, kufaka phakathi nolwandle, yanyamalala. Ochwepheshe bathole ubufakazi obuningi bemicimbi yengozi yaleso sikhathi, kodwa imininingwane yabo nokuvumelana kwabo kusacwaningwa.

Isisekelo ukuwa kwe-meteorite enkulu ene-11 km (ngaphezulu kwe-Everest) endaweni ye-Yucatan.

I-Cenozoic Era

Imingcele ye-Cenozoic: iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65.5 ezedlule yizinsuku zethu. Lo mjikelezo uqukethe izikhathi ezilandelayo:

• Isigaba se-Paleogene (iminyaka engu-65,5 kuya ku-23 yezigidi edlule).
• Umjikelezo we-Neogene (iminyaka engu-23 million - 2,588,000 edlule).
• Izinga le-Anthropogenic (quaternary) (iminyaka engu-2 588 000 edlule-izinsuku zethu).

I-Neocene

Igama le-Neocene yenkathi yokucabanga ye geological, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo ezofika ekushintsheni i-Holocene. Njengoba ikusasa lingakafiki, kungase kube khona ukuhlukahluka okuningi kwombono wakhe. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bangakwazi ukubikezela ezinye izimo ezisekelwe emaqinisweni ekuguqulwa kwamanje emhlabeni: ukuqondisa nokuhamba kwamazwekazi okuhambayo, ukuzungeza kwe-Earth axis, inkambo yolwandle olwandle.