Umsuka Social yomuntu ibhalansi izithakazelo amaqembu nomphakathi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle

Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo kwamasiko khona komuntu senzeka kuphela esimisweni sezenhlalo. Lesi sakamuva kuyinto lonke ngaphambilini, kuhlanganise kokubili abantu namaqembu omphakathi ukuthi kuhlanganiswe uxhumano ezahlukene kanye nobudlelwano. Ukuba Ngowenkolo iqembu elinjalo it is ngokwesiko aqondwe njengokufaka umsuka nomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ezihlukahlukene izimo zenhlalo, impahla, wezombangazwe nezenkolo ukhona, ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-isimo senhlalo.

Uhlelo yezenhlalakahle has imithetho yayo siqu ethize ngaphansi esebenza kuwo futhi eba. Ngesisekelo le mithetho phezu ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu. Buber ezihlongozwayo ukuyibiza nokuxhumana "Mina-wena", Maks Veber wayekholelwa ukuthi wakha nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, Pitirim Sorokin futhi Yudzhin Habermas lusobala kukho ke inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zokuxhumana. Dzhon Mill wacabanga ukuthi isizinda nakho kunendima okuyifezayo kule ukuxhumana, ngoba, njengoba umthetho, kumele abhekane ne izenzo nesihawu nebantfu besive amakilasi nomphakathi.

Imisuka esimisweni sezenhlalo oxhumene by inethiwekhi izibopho ngaphambilini nohlalisekile isakhiwo ngokuthi umphakathi. Sibangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene - lokhu nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kanye nomphakathi umsuka abantu okuqondene amaqembu ahlukahlukene amakilasi, kanye nokulwa izifiso zabo. amaqembu siqu nomphakathi - umphakathi azinzile zabantu nge izithakazelo ezivamile, izifiso, amagugu, kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha nokwakha ngaphakathi isigaba ezingokomlando ka ekukhuleni komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya yasendulo, amaqembu abanjalo babehamba Varna. Lombhalo umphakathi, ngokusekelwe division efanayo, ezaba isibonelo ukuze uPlato owadumisa kuye mpendulwano yakhe "Imithetho" futhi "Ngo isimo."

Ifilosofi isimo, okuyinto esokuqala isithunywa savuthela ixilongo icaciswe namaqembu omphakathi, fanele ukuba Thomas Hobbes. Encwadini yakhe ethi "uLeviyathani", wathi umphakathi yakhiwa inani elithile labantu, behlanganiswe izithakazelo ezivamile noma ibhizinisi. It zabelwe ngaphambilini neqembu unordered, kanye nobudlelwane nesikholwa sangasese noma zezombangazwe.

Omkhulu French Revolution nemiphumela yayo ophoqelelwe zefilosofi uhlaziye indima maqembu noma amakilasi e inqubo zomlando. Iningi mlando English - ababephila lezo zenzakalo - wacabangela gobe revolution futhi amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, kuphazamisa inkambo evamile imicimbi. Hegel ngokoqobo ihlombe revolution, ethi kudedela akukho muntu eziphathekako abstract futhi usiza ukwakha umphakathi ophucuzekile.

Lokhu uhlamvu jikelele zezenzakalo ezingokomlando, owawusekelwe nezigaba isimo, abantu kanye nezimiso ezithile ngakho bethatheka mlando European nezazi zefilosofi kwekhulu XIX, bonke baqala ukuba baphelelwe isithakazelo izenzakalo ngazinye. umoya kaZwelonke, engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, isizinda sobuzwe noma senhlalo yabantu nezifiso ezinkulu zobudlelwano nomphakathi amaqembu babé sihloko eyinhloko mpikiswano zefilosofi. acute Ikakhulukazi kwaba umbuzo yini nenqubo ukucacisa okuqondene namaqembu omphakathi. Uma zezomnotho IsiZulu cabanga criteria ezifana ezomnotho nezombusazwe, Marx - ubudlelwane impahla izindlela zokukhiqiza, Gumplowicz - begazi zobuhlanga, Cooley - umndeni clan, nokunye.

Isakhiwo yesimanje wefilosofi zezenhlalo nazo Buhlanganisa nomqondo amaqembu omphakathi kanye namaqembu athile, kodwa ngendlela incazelo ehlukile. Okokuqala, kungenxa umbono 'naphakathi' futhi "ikilasi elisha phakathi" (Kroner, u-Aroni, Myers), futhi "babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo" (Sorokin). Imfundiso yokugcina ichaza izici criteria babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini ngamaqembu, ezifana omsebenzi, imali, imfundo, Psychology, izinkolelo nokunye.

Nokho, striations kukhona oluyingozi ezingaphezu kuka amaqembu ezivamile futhi amakilasi ngoba bacabanga ukuhamba mpo futhi enezingqimba nomphakathi njengoba phakathi kwala maqembu kanye ngaphakathi kubo. Maks Veber siphawule izici ezibalulekile ukwakheka kwezakhi njengoba udumo kwezenhlalo kanye eyeqisayo ukuthi yakha njengendlela yokuziphatha kanye nokubukeka, kanye isimo, sicabangela izindima ezithile emphakathini.