Izindaba neNhlanganoImvelo

Uphi i-Don River? Umlomo nencazelo yomfula uDon

I-Don River (iRussia) ingenye yekhulu kakhulu engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe. Indawo yayo yokudoba ingama-square angu-422,000. I-Km. Kulesi sibonakaliso eYurophu, i-Don isesibili kuphela ku-Danube, i-Dnieper ne-Volga. Ubude bomfula cishe ngo-1870 km.

Umlando

I-Don River esikhathini esidlule yayibizwa ngeTanais. AmaGreki asendulo asungula inganekwane ngokusho ukuthi insizwa egama layo negama lagwinya kulokhu echibini ngenxa yothando olungathandeki. Imvelaphi yegama elithi "Don" ihlotshaniswa negama elithiScythian-Sarmatian elithi "danu", okusho "umfula, amanzi".

Abalobi baseGreki basendulo babevame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Tanais bese kuthiwa iDon River, bese kuthiwa amaDonets aseSeversky. Ngakho-ke, lesi sigaba sase siseduze nezwe eliphucukile, isibonelo, uPtolemy wayebheka uDon (Girgis) njengenhlangano yamabhange aseSevesky (Tanais). Emlonyeni weMfula iTanais, ikoloni yamaGrisi yegama elifanayo ladalwa.

Ukwaziswa okuthakazelisayo kwesokunxele ku-Ritter encwadini ethi "Vorhalle". Kuvela ukuthi uLwandle lwase-Azov alukho ezikhathini zasendulo, kanti uMfula iDon ugijima waya eLwandle Lumnyama endaweni yase Kerch Strait. Ngokusho komcwaningi uPeitinger, emthonjeni weDon kukhona umbhalo othi "yiMfula iTanais ohlukanisa iYurophu nase-Asia".

Abantu baseNorm emasimini abo babiza uDon Wanakwieslem. Count Potocki wabuthana ngalolu mfula eziningikwanekwane kanye namanga. UDmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ngo-1380 wanqoba ibutho laseTatar-Mongolian eKukokovo Field, endaweni lapho uMfula iNifryadva ugeleza khona kuDon, owathola isiteketiso sakhe esiyingqayizivele.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela esikhathini esidlule emlonyeni kaDon kwakukhona idolobha laseTana. Yakhiwa ngamakholoni avela eGrisi futhi yayingaphansi kombuso waseBosporan. Leli dolobha elithuthukayo kwezohwebo laliyi-Genoese, ngaleso sikhathi yi-Venetians. Ngo-1475 kuphela uTana wanqotshwa yiTurkey futhi wabizwa ngokuthi i-Azov (Azof). Ngemuva kwalokho, zonke izindaba zezohwebo nezombusazwe zombuso waseRashiya ngeTsargrad naseCrimea zaqhutshwa ikakhulukazi eduze kweDon River.

UDon - umkhumbi wezimoto zaseRussia: isosha, wavela ngemizamo kaPeter the Great ngo-1696, nokuhweba, okwavela ngaphansi kukaCatherine II ngo-1772.

Umthombo

Umfula waseDon esifundeni saseTula uvela. Umthombo wayo u-Urvank encane, ogeleza epaki yedolobha laseNovomoskovsk. Esakhiweni sokuqala komfula kunesikhumbuzo esingokomfanekiso esibizwa ngokuthi "Umthombo weDon". I-reservoir kule nkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo inemvelaphi yokufakelwa, isondliwa kusuka kwamanzi wendawo.

Ngaphambili umthombo womfula kwakuyiLake Ivan, kodwa ngokuvamile akubikwa ngoDon. Isiqalo somfula ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-Shatskoe Reservoir, esesenyakatho yesifunda saseNoomoskovsk Tula, kodwa sigodliwe kuDon ngodonga lwesitimela.

Uhlobo lomfula nomfula

I-Don inesimiso semifula yamanzi emigodi yesigodi nomfula. Umfula uguqula isiqondiso izikhathi ezine, ugibela izithiyo eziningana ze-geological. Umbhede wayo unomlando we-longitudinal kanye nomthambeko obuthakathaka, owehla emlonyeni, okubaluleka kuwo ama-degrees angu-0.1. Isiqondiso jikelele se-Don samanje sisuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Cishe lonke ubude balo umfula uzungeza isigodi esithuthukile, sinamanzi amaningi namagatsha amaningi. Ekufinyeleleni okuphansi, i-Don ifinyelela ububanzi be-12-15 km. Esiqhingini saseKalach-na-Donu, isigodi sesigodi sinqunywe yiziqhumane ze-Volga neZaseMpumalanga ZaseRussia Ephakathi. Kule ndawo encane yomfula akekho i-floodplain.

Isigodi somfula sinesakhiwo esingenasisindo. Ibhange elingakwesokudla likaDon liphakeme ngokwanele, kwezinye izindawo lifinyelela kumamitha angu-230, ibhange elingakwesokunxele liphansi futhi liphansi. Inkambo yomfula iyathula futhi ihamba kancane. Akumangalisi ukuthi umfula wawubizwa ngegama elithi "Quiet Don". Ama-Cossack asekhaya ahlonipha umfula ngokuthi "Don-Father". Abacwaningi-ama-hydrographers abheka umfula omunye wabadala kunazo zonke engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia.

Umlomo weDon River

UDon ungena olwandle lwase-Azov - iGulf Taggrogrog. Kusukela edolobheni laseRostov-on-Don, umfula udala i-delta, indawo okuyi-540 square meters. I-Km. Kuleli qophelo, umfula uhlakazeka zibe iziteshi eziningi namagatsha. Ezinkulu zazo ziyi-Egurcha, uPerevoloka, uBolshaya Kuterma, uBolshaya Kalancha, u-Old Don, amaDonetshi afile.

Imodi

Njengoba kunendawo enkulu yokudoba, i-Don iyancipha emanzini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isitsha semifula sitholakala ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezise-steppe nasehlathini. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi eDon kuncane kakhulu kuneleyo yemifula yesifunda saseNyakatho (iPechora, Severnaya Dvina), cishe ngo-900 m 3 / s.

Umbuso wamanzi kaDon uphinde ufanelwe imifula egeleza emahlathini asemaqeleni nasemasimini-amahlathi asezindaweni zemvelo nezesimo sezulu. Ukudla komfula ikakhulukazi iqhwa (kufika ku-70%), kanye nomhlabathi nemvula. Entwasahlobo, uDon ubhekene nezikhukhula eziphezulu, kanti phakathi nonyaka wonke izinga laso liphansi kakhulu. Kusukela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwamanzi aphezulu, ukugeleza kwamanzi nokugeleza kwamanzi kuyawa.

Ubukhulu bokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi kuDon lilonke lonke ubude futhi liyi-8-13 amamitha. Umfula ugeleza kakhulu endaweni yokukhukhula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphansi. Ngokuvamile, uDon unezikhukhula ezimbili. Eyokuqala ibonakala ngesikhathi kufika amanzi ashisayo, aqhwaqhoqhekile ukusuka emfuleni (i-Cossack noma emanzini abandayo), okwesibili kuphakama ukusuka ekungeneni kweDon (amanzi afudumele). Uma kuqhwaza iqhwa, amaza womabili ahlangene, bese amanzi aphezulu enamandla, kodwa aphansi.

I-Don River ihlanganiswa neqhwa ekupheleni kwekwindla noma ekuqaleni kwebusika. Ekupheleni kukaMashi, umfula uvula engxenyeni engezansi, khona-ke iqhwa liphumula lonke ubude nasemaphethelweni aphezulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Hydrographic yomfula

Akuyona umsebenzi olula ukufeza incazelo yoMfula iDon, ngoba umfula wesithathu omkhulu kunazo zonke esifundeni saseYurophu saseRussia ngobukhulu bawo. I-Hydrographically, uDon uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: Ephezulu, Ephakathi nophansi.

Ukusuka emthonjeni kuya emfudlaneni we-Tikhaya River Pine wesifunda saseVoronezh, i-Upper Don egeleza. Lapha kunesigodi esincane futhi siphezulu, esivela emfuleni.

Isigaba esiphakathi seDon sisuka emlonyeni wePacific Pine kuya eCalach-na-Donu. Ngalesi sikhathi isigodi somfula sivuleka. U-Don ophakathi usuphelile ngamanzi ayakhelwe eduze nomuzi waseTsimlyanskaya.

I-Don engezansi iphuma edolobheni laseKalach-na-Donu emlonyeni. Ngasemgodini weTsimlyansk, umfula unamanzi (kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-15 km) kanye nendawo enkulu yezikhukhula. Ukujula kweDon kwezinye izindawo kufinyelela kumamitha ayishumi nanhlanu.

Ama-tributaries amakhulu kunazo zonke emfuleni yiVoronezh, Ilovlya, Medveditsa, Khopyor, Bityug, Manych, Sal, eSonetsky Donets.

Sebenzisa

Ekude amakhilomitha angu-1590 ukusuka emlonyeni kuya edolobheni laseVoronezh, i- Don River ingasemikhumbi. Amachibi amakhulu kunawo wonke asezindaweni zaseAzov, eRostov-on-Don, Volgodonsk, eKalach-na-Donu, eLiski.

Emadolobheni aseKalach, iDon ifika eVolga, cishe amakhilomitha angu-80 ukusuka kuyo. Imifula emibili yaseRussia enkulu ixhunywe umsele waseVolga-Don, okwakhiwa ngemuva kokudalwa kwamanzi aseTsimlyansk.

Endaweni yasemzaneni iTsimlyanskaya idamu lakhiwe eceleni kwede 12.8 km ubude. I-hydroconstruction iphakamisa izinga lomfula ngamamitha angu-27 futhi ihlanganisa i-Tsimlyansk reservoir, esukela emzaneni waseGolubinskaya kuya emzini waseVolgodonsk. Umthamo walesi sitsha ungama-21.5 km 3 , indawo ingama-2600 km 2 . Edameni kusebenza isiteshi samandla kagesi. Izindawo ze-Salskaya nezinye izindawo ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni zaseVolgograd naseRostov ziphuziswa ngamanzi asuka eThiblyansk.

Ngezansi kweTsimlyanskaya HPP, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-130, ukujula koMfula i-Don kugcinwa ngokusebenzisa ama-hydrosystems ngama-sluices namadamu: iKochetkovskiy, Konstantinovsky noNikolayevsky. Omdala nomdume kunazo zonke nguKochetkovsky. Itholakala ngamakhilomitha angu-7.5 ngaphansi kwendawo lapho iDon River ithatha khona i-Northbutton yaseNyakatho. Ukwakhiwa kwe-hydroelectric kwakhiwa ngo-1914-1919 futhi kwakhiwe kabusha ngo-2004-2008.

Ukujula okudingekayo ukuthunyelwa kuDon ngaphansi kwesakhiwo se-Kochetkovskiy hydroelectric kugcinwa ngokucutshungulwa okuhlelekile kusuka phansi komfula (ukudwengula).

Izilwane zasemanzini emfuleni

Umfula waseDon ugcwele inhlanzi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezincane kune-asp, i-rudd, i-roach, i-perch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezinkulu nezindawo eziphakathi nendawo zitholakala emfuleni: i-pike, i-catfish, i-pike, i-bream. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungcola komfula kanye nomthwalo wokuzilibazisa oqinile, izinhlanzi zeDon zihlale ziyancipha.

Emaphethelweni omfula, emanzini, kukhona amaxoxo emanzini, amabhu, inhlanganisela kanye nezintsha ezintsha. Izakhamuzi zezindawo lapho uMfula i-Don utholakala khona kukhona izinyoka zamanzi nezinjwayelo, isibhamu se-marsh kanye ne-toad eluhlaza. Lezi zindawo azihlali nje kuphela emfuleni, kodwa nasezindaweni zemifula ekhula emgodini wayo.

Ukulima okunzulu kwamasimu azungeze uDon kwaholela ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezinjengama-marmots, ama-saigas, ama-antelopes ase-steppe, amahhashi asendle. Emuva kuma-60s no-70s ekhulwini lokugcina, izinhlanzi zomfula, i-bobaks, i-roe deer, i-boar yase-wild kanye ne-muskrat ingatholakala eduze kwe-tributaries yomfula. Manje eDon basin kukhona ama-rodents aphilayo: igundane, isikhulu sogwaja, i-jerboa enkulu, i-beaver yomfula. Izilwane ezincane zitholakala: ama-ferrets asehlathini nama-steppe, ama-caresses, ama-mink kanye nama-otters omfula. Amabhakede ahlala emgodini wamanzi.

Phakathi neminyaka eyi-100-150 edlule, inani lezinyoni ezihlala eduze komfula selinciphile kakhulu. Kukhona ama-swans, amahansi, ama-eagles, ama-eagles egolide, i-falcon peregrine, i-osoedy, i-osprey, ama-eagles amhlophe. Ukuphumula emfuleni uDon ngokujwayelekile kuhlotshaniswa nokuzingela amadada. Phakathi kwezinyoni eziphilayo kukhona ama-waders namadada, izimpungushe nezinhlanga ze-drosophila. Izinhlanzi, amathanga kanye nezigunja zivame kakhulu. Phakathi nenkathi yendiza yezinyoni ungabona ihansi, i-goose ephuzi kanye nabanye.

I-Flora

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uPeter Omkhulu wasebenzisa leli hlathi emagqumeni aseDon ekwakheni imikhumbi esetshenziselwa izimpi zaseRussia-Turkish. Ngekhulu leminyaka lama-20, iningi lamadlelo emfuleni lomfula lalilimbile. Kunezihlahla ezihlukahlukene ezigcinwe eduze kwezikhumba ezikhukhulayo: i-buckthorn enesibhakabhaka, i-alder sticky, i- birchy birch, i- willow. Emlanjeni ukhula i- saber, i- brushworm, i-sedge, i-horsetail, umhlanga.

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