UVladimir ezibiyele: Umlando kanye nencazelo

UVladimir ezibiyele - a izinqaba ekhethekile. Lezi yayiseKhesariya wonke amadolobha amakhulu Russia lasendulo. Ekuqaleni, babebizwa enqabeni. I Ingcenye ephakathi yesigaba komnikazi ebiyelwe okuvimbezela lokuqala ngokhuni, itshe kamuva waqala ukwakha. Lase sikuhlomele nemibhoshongo nezivikelo zempi. Ngo Rus lasendulo 'inqaba kwaba imfuneko kuhlalwe kubhekwe idolobha.

Indawo ezibiyele uVladimir

UVladimir ezibiyele ekuqaleni esezinzile enkabeni yedolobha. Futhi kuyabonakala namuhla egqumeni. Wayebonakala ukuba ezinde phezu egeleza phakathi komuzi Klyazma. Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kubo njengabadala sezindela Christmas.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi the uVladimir ezibiyele esisogwini umngcele Pechernego edolobheni. Kusukela empumalanga siye ensimini adjoined yayo emhosheni lokuvikela. Engxenyeni esenyakatho ye ezibiyele waya emgwaqweni yesimanje Bolshaya Moskovskaya, futhi engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Kremlin kuvinjelwe Nicholas Church imipheme. Namuhla, lesi sakhiwo kunendima eyinhloko ngokuchaza ngalé kwalowo muzi. Kanti inikeza umbono olukhulu kwimfunda ongaphakeme.

umlando ezibiyele

Ngokwenkolelo olukhona, Isigodlo, eyasebenza njengodonga isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukwakheka uVladimir ezibiyele, uvele 1175. Akhe babeka Bogolyubskii wendawo Prince u-Andrew, wayedume yokuthi ngaye uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu wenze isenzakalo esiphawulekayo nezinzuzo phezu omakhelwane bayo, ekugcineni abe omunye izikhungo of the state Russian.

Ngo 1192 kakade isikhulu esisha esibizwa ngokuthi Vsevolod, owayedume ngelika-Nest Big, eyasungulwa ngo kulezi zindawo thempeli itshe elimhlophe. Lesi sakhiwo emine insika eyakhelwe kuhambisana zonke emasikweni uVladimir-Suzdal izakhiwo ukuthi kakhulu athuthukile ekupheleni kwekhulu XII. Ukuze okwamanje usuku lombhishobhi, ngeshwa, akazange ngasinda.

Ngo 1219, yokwahlukaniselwa onesizotha sethempeli, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi ayengaqondi ngempela namanje asiphothulwanga kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngo 1230 livula Archimandrite, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi saba omunye zezindela Christian lomcoka lonke North-East yeRussia. Kukulo muzi lapho e 1263 wathola indawo yokugcina yokuphumula Aleksandr saseNevsky.

Ngenxa yalokho, indima Isigodlo kuqala uVladimir (kamuva eMoscow) wadlulela Rozhen Monastery. Kulesi msebenzi, wabamba wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu 1561, lapho isihloko zokuhlonipha isidlulile ukuba imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra.

ukwakhiwa Stone esigodlweni sezindela wavuselelwa ekhulwini XVII. Ngo-1654, umbhoshongo insimbi livela njengendlela izinsika ngokubabazekayo elinezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngo-1659 bakha cell. Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni yayo esigodlweni, uma yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula li e Archimandrite Vincent. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, thina wakha izimpondo itshe, kanye umzimba anobuhlobo.

Ekupheleni kuleli khulu leminyaka kwakukhona kwaze kwafika eSangweni Church of kukaJesu, okuyinto ngqo ezincikene izakhiwo Refectory.

Umlando yakamuva sezindela

I izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo bathunyelwa kusuka uVladimir Alexander saseNevsky Lavra lapho uPetru I. Esikhathini esifanayo, amaningi ala masimu ka wezindela ukuthi ebiyelwe ngezingange itshe nemibhoshongo. Kusukela 1744 usebenza lapha endlini sombhishobhi ngesikhathi uVladimir besifunda-bhishobhi. Ngo 1748 umbhishobhi ukwakha ikamelo itshe.

Kakade mbumbulu XIX leminyaka kakhulu kabusha, ingaphakathi amaseli washintsha. Isigaba esilandelayo ukuguqulwa uVladimir ezibiyele, ogama sithombe kulesi sihloko, lihlotshaniswa ngenkathi uhulumeni waseRussia, u-Alexander II. It kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala omunye ukulungiswa nokubuyiselwa sezindela kanye lombhishobhi naye. Ngo-1859, umzimba anobuhlobo zakhiwa itshe nekamelo. Ingaphakathi lokubhalela umzimba ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Ahulumende cell kabusha, lulungiswe e 1867 kwashintsha isonto isango futhi Refectory. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwashintsha emakamelweni Decor Episcopal.

Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet,

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, umlando we uVladimir ezibiyele, izithombe okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, uye washintsha abalulekile. Ngo-1930, ngemiyalo yezikhulu iziphathimandla zendawo ngobugebengu umbhoshongo isikhencezo sesonto. Kamuva, isakhiwo sezindela yayisiboshwe kaningi ilungiswa, in the eziyinkimbinkimbi kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezimbalwa. Iningi izakhiwo lokusinda zenziwa ngezitini, lemva futhi ngesineke.

Christmas sezindela ngokwayo ihlukile into edolobheni. ke Bekanye izakhiwo ezizungezile yakha skyline ekhethekile kokuba okukhulu zomlando. Ukuze ezisekhona izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye nezomphakathi isitayela yezobuciko. Naphezu kwenani abalulekile, Isigodlo futhi namuhla ivela kithi ngasekupheleni ephakathi-isitayela isakhiwo ngokuhlela khulula.

the Kremlin

The Ensemble yezakhiwo we uVladimir ezibiyele ezichazwe kulesi sihloko, osuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga. ezakheke liyafana trapezoid. Uhlangothi olusempumalanga ukhangwa womgodi futhi amagquma eningizimu lilinganiselwe. Kusukela entshonalanga kuya empumalanga kukhona amaseli sezindela Christmas.

Uma unquma ukuvakashela uVladimir ezibiyele, ezikhangayo ukuze ibuyekezwe kuyoba okwanele. Ngaphandle Cathedral sekushiwo kukaJesu the Virgin, kuba nombhoshongo insimbi, elingelakwaJuda esontweni Aleksandra Nevskogo.

Isakhiwo yezakhiwo kuhlanganisa eSangweni Church of St Prince Aleksandra Nevskogo, kanye indlwana Nikolaya Chudotvortsa. Izivakashi Ungathola ngombala Church of kukaJesu, eSangweni Church of St Ioanna Predtechi, iseli embuso, kudlule-esangweni, sezindela izakhiwo, ku iSikhumbuzo Cross, futhi njengokulindelekile, umbhishobhi ngasese umzimba, sibheke kwemibhoshongo nasezingosini izindonga.

Assumption Cathedral

Kukhona uVladimir ezibiyele (Kremlin umlando kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko) kuyinto kweNyuka Cathedral. Wabuye wabonakala ngesikhathi kubusa Prince uVladimir Andreya Bogolyubskogo.

isakhiwo sezenkolo yakhiwe zamatshe amhlophe, okuyinto ngokuqondile alethwe esakhiweni se-Bulgaria iVolga. Yakha waqala 1158. Kodwa ngo-1185-m, kwesinye isakhiwo sidle, kwaba khona umlilo ezinkulu owabhubhisa okuningi kwalokho isivele kwenziwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, lelo sonto lalinethonya ikhanda elilodwa kuphela, kodwa ngesikhathi ibambene esifanayo kuba kakhulu bebakhulu St Sophia Cathedral Kiev, futhi ngisho Novgorod.

Efika amandla , Prince Vsevolod Big Nest Assumption Cathedral ungeze izahluko ezimbili ezine. Washintsha e 1408, lapho ukupenda nemidwebo yakhe futhi imifanekiso Andrei Rublev yena efika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eqoshiwe walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Ezinye zazo zingaba ukuhlangabezana nezivakashi unquma ukuvakashela namuhla uVladimir Hall of the Kremlin.

"Okusha" futhi "vetchany" idolobha

Western ingxenye zomlando Vladimir wabizwa ngokuthi idolobha "entsha". Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo sasizungezwe izinqaba ezinkulu. Ukuze uvikeleke uyokulwa nezitha bona ayenendawo imiphini cishe 9 amamitha eliphezulu. Bagawula izindonga sokhuni inqaba. Ekuqaleni, kule ngxenye dolobha lasendulo esangweni umbhoshongo ezine, ezintathu zazo ezakhiwa njengoba lokhuni.

"Vetchany" noma "endala", Umuzi uyizinhlangothi abasengxenyeni esempumalanga ye uVladimir lasendulo. Etholakala lapha Posad. Le ndawo, engaphandle ezibiyele, uVladimir, omlando wakhe asazile Ukuhlasela eziningi. Ngakho-ke, lamabutho, owayesesimweni ezindongeni ezibiyele, kwadingeka njalo ukuvikela abantu bakuleli dolobha.

Ezinsukwini isikhulu Andreya Bogolyubskogo le ngxenye lalowo muzi kwathiwa livikelwe izindonga zokhuni izihlahla. Ngokushesha lapho Kwakusenezindaba amasango itshe elimhlophe, iziphi kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi Silver. Nokho, izindonga lokhuni kakhulu sesibolile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungoba yalesi ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi muzi ubizwa ngokuthi "vetchany". Leli gama ngomqondo wesimanje okulingana "ubudala."

Ngo 1157, uVladimir kwaba elinye lamadolobha ukhiye yeRussia. Iqiniso lokuthi e-Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii wathatha isihloko Grand Duke. Wabelwa kuye emveni kokuzala kwakhe, ngaphezu uVladimir, Suzdal ninempahla nokukhula, kanye Moore futhi Kiev. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi Smolensk, Ryazan futhi Novgorod, wayelokhu yiphini lakhe. autocracy okunjalo kubangelwa Ukunganeliseki omkhulu phakathi boyars, owazama ukumelana nethonya le Bogolyubsky ngokuphelele.

Esaba iziyaluyalu, Andrew futhi waqala ukuhlomisa isakhiwo ezinezivikelo eziqinile ukuzivikela ku uVladimir esifundeni. Yena adingeka esigodlweni kahle futhi uvikeleke. Nokho, ngenxa yomlando siyazi ukuthi kwemibhoshongo nasezingosini enobonda ke ayizange ilondolozwe.

Ngo 1174, yena wagwazwa wabulawa ngu nabakhulu bayo siqu edolobhaneni Bogolyubovo.

Tatar ayehlasela

UVladimir ezibiyele, Uzalo kabani ikheli Communal, 70, wabhekana ayehlasela ezibucayi lwesiTatar-amaMongol. Nakuba isimo sezombusazwe nezomnotho kulo muzi, ofakelwe kwalesi sihloko, liye sina basibukela phansi Batu Khan. Kwakungesinye kwemizi yokuqala wahlushwa ayehlasela Tatar-amaMongol. Ngo 1238, abahlaseli eziningi amasosha ekanise eduze ezindongeni zomuzi. Defense eholwa abantwana Vsevolodovich, okuthiwa Vsevolod futhi Mstislav.

Bafuna ukulwa nezitha, kodwa ikhanda ukuthi bavikela edolobheni lalilincane kakhulu. Iningi ibutho Russian waqhubeka emfuleni Sit, lapho iqoqo ezinkulu amabutho Russian kwamenyezelwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umbusi wendawo uPetru Oslyadyukovich, owayehola ukuzivikela Vladimir, sanquma ukugcina ukuzivikela kusukela lapho imiphini.

I amaTartar akazange ngokushesha zanquma ukuhlasela le ebiyelweyo kahle uVladimir Kremlin. Balinda. Batu bamisa phambi kwesigcawu esiphambi kweSango Golden. Kuphethwe bezophanga Suzdal futhi uVladimir akazange ukuhlasela zonke.

Kulokhu, lo AmaTatar obuzama ukudweba nabaphikisi ku le ngxabano evulekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngisho babulawe isikhulu abasha uVladimir Yuryevich, owathunyelwa isiboshwa Battle of eMoscow. Cishe, ngemva Mstislav, Vsevolod ayibekela uzama ukuziphindiselela umfowabo.

idolobha Sturm

Ngo-February, amaTatar lowacala bombardment omkhulu we uVladimir Kremlin. Babesebenzisa izikhali lokuvimbezela. abavikeli komuzi, saze sazama sokunikela. Kodwa Vsevolod abasha, owahamba ngesipho ukwenza ukuthula, wabulawa mhlaka-oda ka Batu.

I bombardment ka ezindongeni uVladimir ezibiyele ngiyaquleka. Nokho, abavikeli bakwazi ukugcina ukuzivikela insimu ka New Town. Ngakusasa ukushaywa kwakhe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Benqabela kusale kuphela kweSango Golden. izingxenye ezinkulu odongeni eduze kwesango eningizimu kwabhujiswa.

Tatar-amaMongol unqobe ngaseziseleni aqhumuka edolobheni ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kwathi kuqambe kuba semini ekugcineni lithunjwa.

Vladimir ziyawohloka

Ngemva kokunqotshwa lwesiTatar-amaMongol ukubaluleka edolobheni njengoba isikhungo eqinile kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe uwile ngokuphawulekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Waqhubeka ngokusemthethweni njengelinye lamazwe emadolobheni amakhulu aseRussia. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1299 kwaba lapha ukuthi kwaku yokuhlala basemasontweni Russian.

Ekugcineni walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo geopolitical we edolobheni ekhulwini XIV. Palm wathutha eMoscow. Ukwakha Vladimir futhi ezibiyele yakhe kuphela waqala ngesikhathi kubusa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Omuzi aqala ukulungisa izinqaba, ezazingena nokwehla ekhethekile.

Ekhulwini XVIII

UVladimir ezibiyele, umlando kanye nencazelo zazo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, ekhulwini XVIII, odlale indima ebalulekile isiko edolobheni. Yize isinqumo uPetru mina esasungulwa esiFundazweni eMoscow. UVladimir iye isibaluli ke njengoba ingenye yamadolobha yesifundazwe.

Kulokhu, izwe lonke wonke umuzi uya kokulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokukhethekile ngemva Aleksandra Nevskogo izinsalela ziphuthunyiswe Petersburg ukuqinisa igunya dolobha entsha. Ngemva kwalokho nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu, futhi bonke baqala kwenzeke akuvamile e uVladimir.

Manje ezibiyele uselokhu kancane kuphela. Iningi uyabhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele.