Izibonelo inguquko eRussia futhi France

Revolution njengendlela kuthinte ushintsho olukhulu ngempela-oda ekhona, baqala ikhathaze izingqondo ehola kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Njengomthetho, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa main uyakuthiwa mkhulu, imakwe aphuma monarchical efomini republic kahulumeni. Le ndlela umbuso lihlotshaniswa izisulu eziningi. Zonke izibonelo eyaziwayo Revolution - ingxenye edabukisayo yomlando zanoma yiliphi izwe. Ake sihlole kuphazamiseka ethandwa kakhulu bese uzama ukuphendula umbuzo, noma ngabe ngeze kwaba ukufa abantu abanikela ukuphila kwabo ngoba umbono.

Revolution: incazelo

Okokuqala sidinga sichaze amazwi athi "yokuvukela", akusiwona nje ushintsho futhi ushintsho, libhekene transience. Ngokuvamile, leli qiniso ingeyona kuphela umlando. Kukhona revolution isayensi (kwabanye kokutholakala usho esibaluleke kakhulu) emvelweni (shintsho olwenzeka isigubhukane noma yimaphi amasethingi, kaningi, Geological), e yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle (izinguquko kwezezimboni kanye namasiko).

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa le nqubo kusuka imiphumela amasu afanayo kodwa ahlukene kanye nemibandela. Ngakho, igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" kusho kancane, ushintsho kancanekancane. Kancane ngokushesha inqubo kabusha, kodwa elingenalo umphumela ngesivinini sombani, kanye izinguquko ezinkulu kangaka.

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi imigomo "yokuvukela" futhi "Ukuketulwa etat". Etymologically, zihlobene, ngoba revolutio elihunyushwe olimini lwesiLatini futhi lisho "umbuso." Kodwa, umcabango ayenawo uphakeme kakhulu, sihlobana izinguquko zonke izici zokuphila yomphakathi, kuyilapho kombuso, eqinisweni - it is kuphela lwabangela ukushintsha kukahulumeni owodwa umbusi kwenye.

Izimbangela ukulwelwa

Kungani kukhona ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso? Yini eshukumisela abantu ukuba ahileleke umcimbi eshaqisa kangaka, ethwele izinkulungwane zezimpilo? Izizathu kuthiwa nje isuke ibangelwa izici eziningi:

1. Ukunganeliseki ngezinhlelo nenchubokuphatsa nokwehla elite notshwala kwezomnotho. Against isizinda nokwehla kwezomnotho.
2. Yangaphakathi lokulwa elite bodwa. Kwenzeka ukuthi kwezakhi ephakeme somphakathi - isakhiwo ngempela avaliwe, ngezinye izikhathi sokuhlukanisa amandla. Lokhu umzabalazo kungaholela isiphithiphithi yangempela, uma noma iyiphi izigwili ukuba acele ukusekela abantu.
3. Ukugqugquzela wamavukelambuso. izinxushunxushu zomphakathi kubangelwa ukunganeliseki kuzo zonke izizinda zokuphila - kusukela elite ukuze kakhulu phansi.
4. Yekuphila. Kufanele asekelwe yinoma yimuphi revolution, kokuba ibhidi impumelelo. yisakhamuzi ongema maphakathi imfundiso yenkolo noma enye. Jikelele kuyoba nzima zibhekana nokungabi namthetho uzibophezele umbuso kwamanje kanye nomthethosisekelo.
5. Dynamics omuhle e inqubomgomo angaphandle. Allied amazwe bayenqaba ukwamukela futhi asekele amandla ekhona.

Ngakho, ukuba khona kwalezi amaphuzu ezinhlanu revolution okungase kubhekwe njengenkonzo impumelelo. Izibonelo linemibhikisho ikwenza kucace ukuthi asikavumelani nayo yonke amaphuzu amahlanu, kodwa iningi zenzeke endaweni oluyingozi ezinjalo.

Ukucaciswa linemibhikisho Russian

Ezinye izinguquko ezinkulu ngo-oda kwezenhlalo nezomnotho libhekene States eziningi. Izibonelo inguquko kungatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, e-United States. Nokho, akazange alethwe nemiphumela edabukisa kangaka, njengoba eRussia. Lapha, yonke inguqula-mbuso Russian ungase uqede hhayi kuphela kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, kodwa futhi izwe ngokwalo. Yiziphi izizathu?

Okokuqala, ubuhlobo obukhethekile phakathi isitebhisi phezulu. Phakathi kwabo kwakungekho "elihlangana", elite amandla futhi kukhona sihluke ngokuphelele abantu. Yingakho - ngokweqile kakhulu nezidingo amandla kwezomnotho amakilasi aphansi, iningi labo lihlala ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya. Inkinga wayengekho nokuhaha ngokweqile izingqimba ephakeme, futhi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba sihlaziye izinga esesithuthuke ngalo ukuphila we "phansi" ngenxa abangaphelele control kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi "phezulu" samandla ezidingekayo ukuze nginqobe abantu ngempoqo.

Okwesibili, intelligence eziphambili, azisa umqondo wamavukelambuso ethulwa kudivayisi okwalandela nakancane kakhulu ngenxa enganele ukuphathwa isipiliyoni.

Kufanele acabangele izici of sengqondo Russian kwekhono lomuntu ukubekezelela ukucindezelwa isikhathi eside, bese kanyekanye "qhumisa."

Zonke lezi zici bese uba zithuthukisa kwakhiwa Bolshevism, esiye saholela Russian Revolution.

1905: inguquko yokuqala

Inguquko lokuqala eRussia iphutha ngoJanuwari 1905. Wayengeyena fast kakhulu, ngoba kuphela yaphela ngo-June 1907.

I izimfanelo kwakungamadodana ukwehla izinga komnotho umkhakha, isitshalo ukwehluleka, anqwabelene debt umphakathi ukuba usayizi kakhulu (lokhu kusolwa impi Turkey). Kuyo kabusha ezidingekayo: evela kubaphathi phansi ngaphambi kokwenza noma isiphi izinguquko kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom umkhakha ukuphathwa uhlelo edingekayo ukucubungula. zabasebenzi ongumlimi kwaba kabi eyashukumisela, eqinisweni wahlala umthwalo wemfanelo mutual, umhlaba nomphakathi kanye nokwehla njalo Holdings.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi 1905 revolution waba uxhaso ezinhle zangaphandle: ngokuhamba le ilwa neJapane imemezele abaxhasi zobuphekula nezinhlangano wamavukelambuso.

Lokhu ukuvukela lasakazekela zonke zamatshe umphakathi Russian - kusukela abantukazana ukuze nezazi. Revolution lwenzelwe Anquma iyiphi izinsalela izinduna serf uhlelo, ushaye autocracy.

Imiphumela Revolution, 1905-1907

Ngeshwa, 1905 revolution olwembiza, yangena njengoba a stub emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando, Nokho, uye waholela izinguquko ezibalulekile:

1. It anikeza ugqozi parliamentarism Russian: kahulumeni yasungulwa.
2. amandla zombusi kukhawulwe ngokusebenzisa ukusungulwa kwe-Duma State.
3. Ngokwe-Manifesto ka-October 17 abayizakhamuzi nenkululeko yeningi.
4. Isikhundla nezimo zokusebenza baye zaba ngcono.
5. Abalimi babé kancane kuboshelwe ezweni labo.

I Februwari ngo-1917

I Februwari Revolution-1917 kwaba phambili izenzakalo 1905-1907. Ngo autocracy ekhungathekile izingqimba aphansi hhayi kuphela (abasebenzi, abalimi), kodwa nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba. Lezi zisho amazwi kuthiwa kakhulu esebenzisa isihluku empini lingabacindezeli.

Ngenxa yalokho we lokuketula uhulumeni ekuphathweni komphakathi kanye nomphakathi kungokoqobo ushintsho oluphawulekayo. ubunjalo inguquko ka 1917 kwaba wobunxiwankulu-yeningi. Kodwa ingabe ubunikazi ekhethekile. Uma sithatha izibonelo ezifanayo revolution isiqondiso emazweni aseYurophu, sibona ukuthi onogqozi kubo babeyizisebenzi, ngibahluphe yokubusa kwamakhosi, ubudlelwano odlule kosozimali (baqala ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha ngemuva kokushintshwa nesimo). Futhi injini ukuthi inqubo eshikashikeka, kodwa amandla phezu ukuba onxiwankulu.

I-Russian Empire kwakungenjalo: ngaphezu uhulumeni wesikhashana, okwakubekelwa iholwa abantu kusukela ekilasini engenhla onxiwankulu, kukhona uhulumeni okunye - Amathiphu, kwakhiwa kusuka isigaba abasebenzi futhi abalimi. Lokhu ombaxambili yayikhona kuze Okthoba izenzakalo.

Umphumela eyinhloko inguquko Februwari 1917 ukuboshwa asebukhosini kanye kokugumbuqelwa autocracy.

Ngo-October wangonyaka Revolution ngo-1917,

Izibonelo inguquko eRussia iholwa Yiqiniso, le utho lwesikhala. It ngokuphelele waphenduka enkambweni umlando kuphela iRussia kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Phela, omunye imiphumela yayo - indlela aphume impi lingabacindezeli.

Ingqikithi inguquko-revolution kwaba okulandelayo: kwathiwa sigudluke Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, namandla kuleli zwe wadlulela amaBolshevik futhi Kwesokunxele SRS. wokuketula umbuso waholela kwaba V I. Lenin.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona ukuhanjiswa amabutho zezombusazwe: amandla obuphakeme sabasebenzi isibe, izwe elanikezwa abalimi, kanye namafemu ngaphansi kolawulo abasebenzi '. Kube sad, mphumela odabukisayo inguquko - nempi yombango, wahlukanisa umphakathi zibe nezimpi ezimbili nobutha.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela wamavukelambuso eFrance

Kanye eMbusweni isiRashiya, eFrance, ukunyakaza ukuze kokugumbuqelwa autocracy lalinabashumayeli izigaba eziningana, izwe wadabula linemibhikisho yayo enkulu. Ubude emlandweni wawo kwakunemifanekiso 4. ukunyakaza kwaqala ngo 1789 ne-French Revolution.

Ngokuhamba lokhu revolution kuphumelele lokushintsha kwamakhosi ngokuphelele futhi ukusungula Republic Okokuqala. Nokho, kwaphakama ngenxa ye wamavukelambuso amaphekula Jacobin ubushiqela ayikwazanga isikhathi eside. amandla phezu kwenye lokuketula uhulumeni 1794.

Revolution ngoJulayi 1830 ngokuthi "Ezinsukwini ezintathu ekhazimulayo." Yena esungulwe nokubusa kwamakhosi ovulekile Louis-Philippe mina, «King-isakhamuzi", okusho ekugcineni waqeda kwesokudla singenakushintshwa yenkosi ekwamukelweni kwemithetho.

Ukuvukela 1848 sisungula Republic Okwesibili. Senzeka ngoba Louis Philippe Kancane kancane ngaqala ukuhambisa kude izinkolelo yasekuqaleni ovulekile. Yena liyawulahla. Inguquko ka-1848 kwenza ukuba libambe ukhetho yeningi kuleli zwe lapho abantu (kufaka abasebenzi kanye nezinye kwezakhi "engezansi 'yomphakathi) wakhetha Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, indodana yomfowabo ka-Emperor abadumile.

Okwesithathu Republic ukuthi uzobuqeda phakade endleleni monarchical zokuphila emphakathini, ithuthukiswe eFrance ngo-September 1870. Ngemva eside sokubusa crisis Napoleon III enquma sokunikela (uma kwakukhona impi nge Prussia). izwe Headed kunesithembiso okhethweni ngokushesha. Amandla idluliselwa yanjalo kusukela monarchists kuya Republican, futhi kuphela ngo-1871 zomthetho French iba i-republic kamongameli umbusi edume akhethwe amandla iminyaka lapho 3. Leli zwe yayikhona kuze 1940.