West-Siberian base I-oli: kwendawo indawo, izici, ngendlela yokubona izinto, izinkinga, abathengi

Amafutha kanye negesi umkhakha iyona enkulu kunazo zonke wemboni komnotho wezwe. Ngo izinqolobane bokuthi eRussia yesibili kuphela Saudi Arabia. I inqolobane eyinhloko zitholakala esifundeni esise-Ural kanye iVolga esifundeni, eMpumalanga Ekude, eCaucasus, e-Timan-Pechora umcengezi. Nokho, endaweni ngobukhulu isisetshenziswa ubhekwa eWest laseSiberia edepho uwoyela. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

West-Siberian base I-oli: sendawo

Le ndawo isisetshenziswa lihlanganisa indawo saseTomsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tyumen futhi kancane Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk izifunda kanye Altai futhi Krasnoyarsk Territories. Le ndawo ezizungeze imayelana 3.5 izigidi ezingu izinyawo square. km. Okwamanje ama-70% wenani izinsiza ukuyithola ezweni esinika West laseSiberia uwoyela edepho. Isikhundla ezindawo ka kule ndawo enezinto eziningi izici ezithile. Ikakhulukazi, esifundeni elisemngceleni nge ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho insimu European yezwe. Endaweni yokuqala nge esifundeni Ural. Lokhu ukusondela okulungiselelwa ngesikhathi ngesisekelo ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho umcengezi.

Izici Zabantu West base uwoyela eSiberia

Imali abakhona echibini kukhona inhlabathi lezinkathi Cretaceous futhi Jurassic. izinsiza Iningi zisendaweni obuyizinkulungwane 2-3 ukujula. M. Amafutha ezikhishwe asendaweni, elinesimo wax okuqukethwe ongaphakeme (0.5%) nesibabule (1.1%). Izinto zokusetshenziswa kukhona iphesenti eliphezulu uphethiloli amafraktjhini (40-60%), izinto oluyingozi. Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube esifundeni core izenzo yaseTyumen. Linikeza ezingaphezu kuka-70% umthamo izinto zokusetshenziswa onikeza West laseSiberia base-petroleum. Isizinda wenziwa umthombo uzotshala izindlela. Umqulu reserves ukuyithola indlela yesibili, esekelwe lonke indawo esifundeni lingaphezulu kakhulu kunezokuqala.

amachibi

Yiziphi izindawo ezaziwayo West laseSiberia edepho uwoyela? Imali zitholakala kule ndawo, ibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezicebe kakhulu kuleli zwe. Phakathi kwabo:

• Samotlor.
• Ust-Balik.
• Megion.
• Strezhevoy.
• Shaim.

Iningi lazo zitholakala endaweni yaseTyumen. Lapha-ke ukhiqiza amathani angaphezu kuka-219 million of uwoyela.

ukulawula izakhiwo

Izici Zabantu West laseSiberia base uwoyela siqukethe le ukuhlaziywa olunikezwa amabhizinisi ehilelekile isizinda nokucutshungulwa imithombo. Izinkampani ezisebenza main nazo elise yaseTyumen. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. "Yuganskneftegaz".
2. "Kogalymneftegas".
3. "Surgutneftegaz".
4. "Noyabrskneftegas".
5. "Nizhnevartovskneftegas".

Kufanele wathi, Nokho, ukuthi, ngokusho kongoti, ivolumu izinto zokusetshenziswa ekhishwe Nizhnevartovsk, ziyancipha kakhulu.

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-West edepho uwoyela laseSiberia eyakhelene kunazo zonke kwezingu-District Urals. Esikhathini ukuthuthuka komqondo semnotfo ukunikeza inflow zomsebenzi kanye nemishini phezu Insimu ke ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. Esinye isici inkanuko, aba nethonya elikhulu ukuthi kufakwe nge base West-Siberian Oil - abathengi ezifundeni empumalanga. Nenani lokuqala yezimboni igesi zavezwa endaweni ngo-1953. Amafutha latholakala 1960. Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, ivolumu reserves ukuyithola kakhulu lenyuka. Ngakho, ngo-1965, umkhiqizo kawoyela ifinyelele amathani lokuqala million. Okwamanje, iningi Ukuthuthukiswa engxenyeni esenyakatho umcengezi. Namuhla, cishe angamakhulu amathathu endle.

zokuthutha Izici

Ingxenye enkulu ekwakhekeni ukugeleza imithombo ezweni namuhla, kanye iVolga esifundeni, idepho West laseSiberia uwoyela. Indlela yokuthutha izinto zokusetshenziswa, okungcono, ujantshi. Izimpahla esusiwe kabusha kuthiwa uyiswa Yuzhnyy Ural, eMpumalanga Ekude nase-Asia Ephakathi izifunda. Ezokuthutha amanzi ushibhile futhi ukonga ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ikakhulukazi indawo pool.

namapayipi

Lena indlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi ethandwa isikhathi cishe ngomzuzwana, elisebenzisa Western edepho uwoyela laseSiberia. Ingabe uthuthwa inethiwekhi athuthukile ukuhlinzeka izimpahla ezingaphezu kuka-95% izinsiza Imininingwane. Ibanga isilinganiso ukudluliswa -. Ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2.3 Km. Ngo inethiwekhi iphayiphi jikelele umelwe ezimbili ezingalingani e ukubaluleka nokulawula amaqembu ayo izimo zihlanganisa inter-endaweni (lesifunda) nokuba sendleleni ezikude. Eyokuqala inikeza izimboni uxhumano kanye nezimboni. Transit inethiwekhi ihlanganiswe uwoyela ukugeleza, obezlichivaya ethile umnini wayo. Lezi amapayipi ngokuxhumanisa inani elikhulu yamabhizinisi kanye ukuthekelisa ezikhumulweni. Bakha inethiwekhi ubuchwepheshe olulodwa nokuphathwa kwezomnotho eziphikisana nohulumeni. West laseSiberia edepho uwoyela sishintshe umzila main notshwala impahla eluhlaza. Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke ukuthuthukiswa alandelayo inethiwekhi backbone manje uThemba ushukunyiswa kuso. Pipelines kusuka endaweni zithunyelwe ku:

• Ust-Balik.
• Kurgan.
• Samara.
• Almetyevsk.
• Nizhnevartovsk.
• Novopolotsk.
• Surgut.
• Tyumen.
• Omsk.
• Pavlodar nabanye.

Izizathu yokuncipha kokubaluleka umkhakha ngo-90s

izindlela Technical imithombo isizinda abangu ngcono phakathi nesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa imboni. Kodwa le nqubo iye ehlile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa indlela ebanzi, lapho kwaba umkhakha petroleum e nenkathi yamaSoviet. Nakuba ukwanda ivolumu ekhishwe impahla eluhlaza is hhayi izuzwe ezishintshayo isingeniso izindlela ezintsha, kanye ukutholakala kanye nokuthuthukiswa amachibi ezintsha. Izinkinga ze-West embonini kawoyela laseSiberia namuhla zibangelwa ubuchwepheshe ukuguga. Izizathu ukwehla ochwepheshe bathi:

1. ukukhiqizwa Obalulekile lezifunda esikhulu ephezulu ekukhiqizeni nasekusakazeni siqhutshwa yezingxenye wamakhophi imithombo yendalo.
2. Ukuwohloka abukhali izimo esitokisini esanda abaqhubeke. Eminyakeni yamuva, high-isivuno ezifakwa cishe akazange avule.
3. Ukuncishiswa uxhaso umsebenzi ukuhlola. Izinga ukuthuthukiswa forecasted kwezinsiza e Western eSiberia u-35%. 30% kusukela ngo-1989 futhi yehlise uxhaso ukuhlola. Ngu mayelana amavolumu efanayo kwehle imishini.
4. Kuvele Ukushoda okukhulu ephezulu ukusebenza imishini futhi izingxenye zokukhiqiza. Kwenqwaba imishini ekhona esigqokwa ezingaphezu kuka-50%, 14% kuphela izimoto ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. 70% imishini yokumba zidinga esikhundleni ekuqaleni. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ukuze yinkimbinkimbi ukulethwa imishini kusukela republic wangaphambili.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le amanani ezifuywayo of izinto zokusetshenziswa manje eliphansi kakhulu. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi kakhulu self-ngezimali izinkampani zezimayini. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana imishini imvelo futhi ukusebenza okuphezulu edonsa ukungcola. Ukuqeda inkinga abathintekayo zezimali kanye eside nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babekwazi iqhaza ukunwetshwa emkhakheni wezimboni.

imisebenzi

Amathemba West laseSiberia base uwoyela, kanye nezinye izindawo ezinkulu isisetshenziswa yezwe, uhulumeni uboshelwe hhayi investimenti zomphakathi ezengeziwe, futhi uhambisane ezimakethe zezimali. Enterprises wahlanganyela kule mboni, kubalulekile ukuba ngokuzimela ukunikeza ngokwayo ne izindlela. Indima kaHulumeni kuyoba ukudala izimo zomnotho kunesidingo. izinyathelo ezithile Benziwe kulesi siqondiso. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwempahla yomphakathi umsebenzi sehliselwe 20%. Labo abasele abanga-80% ibhizinisi angaqalisa ukusebenzisa bebodwa. Imikhawulo asethwe kuphela yokukhipha izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayeka cishe ngokuphelele ukuqapha ezingeni amanani yasekhaya.

Corporatization futhi azimele

Le misebenzi manje phambili ohlwini ukuthuthukiswa imboni. Phakathi ukufakwa kule amafomu enhlangano wamabhizinisi izinguquko qualitative. izinkampani zikahulumeni bekwi-isizinda kanye ezokuthutha amafutha, ukucutshungulwa kanye nokuhlinzekwa, ibe inkampani okuhlangene ngamasheya evuliwe. Ngo impahla isimo lapho ugxilisa 38% wamasheya. ukuphathwa Commercial eyenziwa SPV "Rosneft". Wedlula amasheya isimo iphakethe kusuka 240 AD. Njengengxenye 'Rosneft "futhi alethe ezihlukahlukene amabhange, isitokwe Ukuhwebelana, izinhlangano kanye nezinye izinhlangano. Njengoba for zokuhamba, ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi ezifana akhiwa izinkampani ekhethekile. 'Bayizisebenzi Transnefteprodukt "futhi" Transneft ". Bathuthela 51% izibambiso.

Isimo impahla elisekela zokusetshenziswa

West laseSiberia base uwoyela, kanye nenye indawo isisetshenziswa enkulu kuhlanganisa kokubili zigcine neshaya yokuzamazama. Phakathi inhlolovo Geological bafeza ukuhlaziya okuhlelekile imali. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ke kulindeleke ukuvula Amasimu latinkhulungwane letinyentana. Nokho, namuhla, ukwethulwa izindlela zesimanje kanye nobuchwepheshe ohlushwa okusezingeni eliphezulu bofeleba netinhlavu kunciphise nezindleko ukusetshenziswa uma ziqhathaniswa bendabuko. Kule ndaba, Ministry of Energy ethuthuka kwesiphakamiso sokwamukela uchungechunge izinyathelo ezingeni zomthetho. Kufanele okuhloswe ngayo ukugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha nezindlela ukwandisa amafutha ukubuyiselwa ezivuzayo. Lezi zinyathelo kumele kusize ngezimali ucwaningo nentuthuko kanye nomsebenzi ucwaningo ku ukudalwa izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo base impahla kanye lobuchwepheshe.

Isibikezelo sezulu sezinsuku

ivolumu Okulindelekile zokukhiqiza Western eSiberia ngo-2020 kufanele sifinyelele engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-290-315 ngonyaka. Kulokhu, kusebenta jikelele yezwe kufanele sifinyelele engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-520-600. Supply of izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuba kwenziwe amazwe Apr. akhawunti Bona cishe 30% ukusetshenziswa global. I abathengi ngobukhulu abhekwa China ne Japan namuhla. Uhlelo lakhiwe 2005-2020. It Kucatshangwa ukwakhiwa ipayipi elithwala uwoyela East eSiberia ePacific Ocean. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi iphrojekthi kuyokwenzeka ngezigaba ezine. Amafutha zokuthutha Kwahlelwa lemali ayizigidi ezingu-80.

isiphetho

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-West base uwoyela laseSiberia nzima amaqembu amathathu izinkinga. Eyokuqala yalezi ubangelwa ukuphatha kabi, elisungulwe kwamaSoviet. Iqembu lesibili kwaba umphumela ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho, yekusungulwa kwebudlelwane emakethe imboni. Phakathi ushintsho uhlobo impahla ilahlekelwe ngamandla ukulawula notshwala zezimali. Lokhu, saholela okumisiwe omkhulu, enana kanye nezinye izinkinga. Iqembu lesithathu lwezindaba siphathelene Ukuwohloka kwezimo ezimakethe zomhlaba. It is okubangelwa ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Zonke lezi zinkinga ziye kuhlanganiswe ngokucijile okunciphisa ukukhiqizwa. Eyokuqala soshintsho mkhuba ebonwe 1997. Ubelokhu ezihlobene nokwanda kwentshiseko zesikhashana ukufunwa izinto zokusetshenziswa emakethe izwe nokwandisa umsebenzi ibhizinisi wamabhizinisi yasekhaya. Lokhu, saholela ukuba kwakuzothutheleka ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle embonini. Nokho, namuhla isimo emakethe izwe lilokhu oluyingozi kakhulu. Isiphakamiso kakhulu lidlula ngokufunwa, okuyinto ngenxa yalokho kunomthelela omubi amanani. Kule ndaba, amazwe wahlanganyela emsebenzini wezimayini yokucwenga, kanye ukuthekelisa zabo, athungatha yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu aphume isimo esibucayi. Uhulumeni kanye zezinkonzo yamazwe ahlukene ukuqhuba inkhulumomphendvulwano njalo ngalesi simo. Kukhona okwamanje ngenkuthalo ukuxoxa ukwehliswa zesikhashana imiqulu ukukhiqizwa. Ngokusho emazweni timbiwa, kuyoba silinganise amanani emakethe.