Yayiyini Russia phakathi kwekhulu XIX? Isifingqo "Amanothi we Hunter"

Mina uzoqala indaba yami mayelana amakhosi esivelele izwi ozelwe ezweni isiRashiya, nomunye isiqephu esiphawulekayo. Lo mcimbi, yena ngokwakhe basazikhumbula futhi ngokwazisa wakhumbula izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Ngu Ivanu Sergeevichu Turgenevu ngesikhathi sesitimela encane Uhlaselwe ababazi amabili eduna ilungelo mayelana, ingabe kuyiqiniso ababhekana nazo nombhali "Amanothi we Hunter". Ukuzwa impendulo ngoyebo, bobabili wakhothama kuye okhalweni, ethi nguye - umnsalo abantu Russian (phakathi - ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII ukwazi isifinyezo sezinto "Amanothi we Hunter" waba uphawu zizwakale kahle). Believe me, abafundi abathandekayo, ukuthi kwaba isenzo sokuthatheka kwabantu abasha. It babuwukubonakaliswa ngokujulile indima siqu yembhali ukuqedwa serfdom.

Ake sibheke incwadi isici. Ekuqaleni, siphawula: kule lokubhala master ezingeni - izinkondlo namaprozi - abantu ababili kuphela: Gogol futhi Turgenev. Ukudalula isifinyezo sezinto "Amanothi we Hunter" kumele kuqale nge indaba asankondlo ezicashile Turgenev sika "Polecat futhi Kalinych". umqondo wayo lomkhulu - ukuze inter-lombhalo ubungani babantu ababili - uJehova futhi serf, okungase kube khona, mhlawumbe, kuphela eRussia. Calm, kulinganiswa logic umninindlu polecat ngokuvumelanayo kwahambisana Kalinych ngokomzwelo.

I protagonist Turgenev, nokubopha ndawonye ingoma "Umlando ..." - in love with ikhaya umninindlu yakhe encane ukukhanyiselwa kwezindaba zesifunda Oryol. Simelele isihambi ngu chernozems lwendabuko futhi echaza Turgenev "Amanothi we Hunter". okuqukethwe indaba inobuso eziningi: hunter wabezwa abafana owakhuphula amahhashi ebusuku ( "Bezhin edlelweni"), khona-ke ninobubele likhuluma ngezinsizwa nezintombi ohlolayo Folk song ( "Singers"), bese wabelana imfihlo - lomuntu ukukhanyiselwa kungenziwa ngokuthi umhlaba unembeza wakhe bomdabu ngoNkulunkulu Umzuli Kasyanov Izinkemba ezihle.

Turgenev wadala ngakho art okukahle futhi enhle kangaka, izithombe wangempela abalimi, onxiwankulu kuyinto engasho lutho, abavamile, ukuthi owayo uthandana nabo umfundi unake, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, "Amanothi we Hunter" kukhona incwadi kweqiniso futhi lyrical ngabantu Russian maphakathi nawo XIX leminyaka. Landlordism oko ifomu eyinhloko ukulima. Nokho, yesimanje Ivan Sergeyevich kulendawo kwakungasehlane laseBeti engasenathonya yabo imperious kanye Ubumnene ikude kokuba Catherine wohlanga olukhulu ( "Okusajingijolo Water"). Kwakha isifinyezo sezinto "Amanothi we Hunter," singasho ukuthi serfdom ekhulwini XIX, a eligwadulekile ngokugcwele. Kube akukungakanani ububanzi, kulendawo yasekhaya ukuphatha izigqila zabo wayekwenza arraignment nesijeziso.

Serfs, yena, awunawo amalungelo. Abakwazi kalula ubuhlungu, ukwenza engajabule abakwazi ngokwezinga elifanele ukulahla ngokwabo kanye ezimpilweni zabo. Akumangalisi ukuthi umphakathi sikhubazekile, ukuze ujike abantu babe izigqila, serfs bancishwa imisebenzi eminingi yomphakathi. ukuphila Hopeless ngokuvamile izisebenzi unqabe ephuza, ukuqamba amanga, ubuvila. Ngokuvamile, ukugcina wonke yasendlini kwakushiwo emahlombe abesifazane, kuyilapho amadoda aphuza. Futhi lapho ukuphila bengasenakubekezela, kwagqashuka oyisiphukuphuku futhi sinesihluku nezibhelu wezimpi ezalandela. Igama loqobo "sidilize!" Umlobi awunika omunye imisebenzi yakhe. Umqondo ingozi kwengxabano udlame emphakathini kuyinto lelandzisako okuqukethwe emfushane. "Amanothi we Hunter", kungathi ideologically ngokufingqiwe kamuva indaba ngendlela engokomfanekiso "Mumu": abantu abanamandla oyisimungulu zifa owulalelayo eduze, inkosikazi eziyize.

indaba umjikelezo Turgenev sika (ekugcineni yanyatheliswa 1852) nendima e yokukhululwa abantukazana. Ake sinichazele umcabango wakho wokugcina (phela vele sesiyazi isishwankathelo "Amanothi we Hunter"). Ngokujulile lyric, Ivan Sergeyevich, ngokungangabazeki uyazi umsebenzi waso emphakathini. Nakuba Turgenev kwakungelona uyakuthanda, ulimi kanzima okuhlabayo, ezilahla bamazwe encane abanomqondo ovulekile, omashiqela kuyinto engasho lutho, kodwa onesihluku, ewumngcingo enhle, zokuziphatha ucabanga kulendawo Zverkov, Stegunova, Penochkin ukuboniswa ngokugcwele. Wasebenzisa esinamandla kakhulu - kubuhlungu, umphefumulo-ukungakhethi iqiniso. Uchungechunge ngenhla izindaba, njengoba kufakazelwa Chronicle, kwagxila ku izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuze uyifunde Russian uMbusi u-Alexander II. Njengoba wazi, abantu ngokwabo ngokwazisa ngokuthi le nkosi ezaqedwa serfdom, le umkhululi.