Yeka ukuthi kuhluke kanjani ibizwa ngokuthi isivuno: Ezolimo, fitotehniya, kwenhlabathi?

Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo - egatsheni ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo, oveza 70% abantu sebebonke kudliwe ukudla. izitshalo ezihlobisile futhi lezihlahla kanye izimbali ukuhlobisa izindlu elakhelene izindawo, Interiors. Amalungu amaningi izitshalo ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo zezimboni, ezithaka imithi futhi perfume isilwane eluhlaza ukudla. Yeka ukuthi babehluke kanjani ibizwa ngokuthi isitshalo, izincwadi, izincwadi zesayensi kanye ethandwa namabhukwana? Lo mbuzo uphakama e zesikole, abafundi baseyunivesithi kanye ochwepheshe abasebenza ezahlukene imikhakha yezomnotho. Ake sizwe ukuthi yini kulo msebenzi nhlobonhlobo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka igama layo.

Ubani igama isivuno?

Inguquko ukuze ukuphila okunethezekile - isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke emphakathini lasekuqaleni. Kube Umthombo eziqinile ukudla kuka ukubuthana izithelo nembewu ngokwemvelo. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka Izivuno eziyinhloko wezolimo okusanhlamvu, ubuswa amathuluzi bakudala ngoba ukutshala. Abahloli bamazwe, abahambi, abathengisi alethwe izitshalo ezintsha: ezisawolintshi, amakhabe, imifino, amazambane. Ekuqaleni le XX futhi xxi leminyaka seyiholele izindlela ezithuthukile kulinywe kanye ukutshala izitshalo. Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo uyaqhubeka ukushintsha phambi kwamehlo ethu. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje kuzo zonke izigaba umkhiqizo wezolimo. Emasimini eSifundazweni umsebenzi, tillage entsha futhi imishini ukuvunwa.

Ukuvula emakhasini izichazamazwi kanye izincwadi, ungafunda indlela ehlukile ibizwa ngokuthi isitshalo, uyini ngokucacile yaleli gatsha wezolimo. I izinhlelo ezahlukene kukhona imigomo:

• ezolimo;
• ukunakekela;
• isitshalo;
• Ezolimo (kusukela lesiGreki "Agros" - 'ensimini');
• fitotehniya;
• kwenhlabathi.

Ezolimo - ngesisekelo isivuno

nemisebenti lephatsekako kakhulu yokutshala izimila esekelwe idatha kusuka inombolo wesayensi: biology, i-chemistry, ngemvelo. Demand ulwazi ngezigaba Botanical, inhlabathi izakhiwo, ukutshalwa technology. Ngo "I-Encyclopedia Complete Russian Ezolimo futhi Sciences e naye," esanyatheliswa Russia (1900-1912), yonke umkhakha libizwa kwenhlabathi. Esikhathini "Handbook umlimi Russian", eyahlelwa VG Nyquist (1913) futhi uchaza igama lomunye kwezitshalo - fitotehniya. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule engimbumbile ezinye izici umkhakha:

• ukulima umhlabathi - ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu (ukolweni, irayisi, ummbila), lobuchwepheshe (sunflower, umoba, ukotini), aklaba izitshalo;
• yemifino - ezikhulayo izitshalo engadini (iklabishi, anyanisi, pepper, utamatisi nezinye);

• enza isikhewu soqalobhalo; - ukutshala izithelo pome, izithelo itshe, amagilebhisi kanye nezinye izitshalo;
• nezitshalo Ornamental;
• imbali;
• izimfunda;
• namahlathi.

Ochwepheshe Agricultural ukuthuthukisa amasu ezolimo kanye isivuno izinhlobo, ngcono amasu ukutshala, ukudala nzalo kanye namafomu amelana izifo kanye izinambuzane. nezindaba eziyinkinga kulomkhakha ukunciphisa izindleko, ukunciphisa ukuncika izici zemvelo.

Ukwanda nokukhiqiza izitshalo

Umhlaba wezolimo okhula ngamandla. kwenyuswe umkhiqizo, izinga lomkhiqizo, ubuchwepheshe ezimbonini yethulwe. Yeka ukuthi babehluke kanjani ibizwa ngokuthi isitshalo ukuthi kuyinto okusikhumbuza ngaphezulu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni? Zonke leli gama ngokuvamile isetshenziswa "amasu ezolimo." Ukusikwa kuhilela ukusetshenziswa eziningana amasu:

• tillage;
• isicelo yezimbiwa kanye manyolo organic;
• ukulungiselela imbewu, ukutshala impahla;
• ukutshala ukutshala;
• ukunakekela of emasimini esekelwe izici begazi simila, izimo zezulu kwesizini;
• sokuvuna.

"Basic Izimiso yokulima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi inhlabathi yazuza emuva konke yena ayekuthathile" - wabhala umsunguli wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo Justus von Liebig. On okwatholakala ekuqaliseni ososayensi kuso nokusenza umkhuba ensimini-isivuno ezweni based isisetshenziswa nomhlabathi uhlelo ukongiwa "bandpass» (Strip-kuze), «ubuncane» (Mini-Till) kanye "zero» (Nou-Till) tillage. Zisetshenziswa e-United States, eJalimane, e-Russia, e-Ukraine futhi eziningi sezifundazwe ngempumelelo. Ubuchwepheshe okuhloswe ngaso kulondolozwe zenhlabathi, kwagezi. Abakhi izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo ukuthuthukisa ukucutshungulwa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo kwi "ensimini - ukukhiqizwa - counter." kubalulekile ikakhulukazi lesi simiso ekulimeni ukudla organic.

ipulazi mpo

Ingabe izindlela eziphumelelayo yokukhula izitshalo ngaphandle kwenhlabathi. Ngenxa yale njongo, uketshezi esetshenziswa, eliqukethe e ngezithako zawo izakhamzimba ezidingekayo. Yeka ukuthi kuhluke kanjani ibizwa ngokuthi isitshalo ukuthi akudingi inhlabathi? Lena indlela kuqhathaniswa entsha ye ekukhiqizeni isivuno --we. NgesiGreki kusho ukusetshenziswa "ukusebenza isixazululo".

Industrial izitshalo, esekelwe-we, esanda kutholakala. ukusatshalaliswa yayo lihlotshaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu kahle amayunithi ukuthi zingafakwa phezu komunye nomunye, ukudala izingadi mpo namasimu ezithelo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene okuphakelayo izakhi ingxube kuze izimpande zezitshalo. Indlela kunezinzuzo eziningana. Idinga isikhala ukukhiqizwa kancane, umonakalo kancane nenhlabathi Amagciwane ukuletha izifo, izinambuzane kanye nezikelemu. Uketshezi ukusebenza kungaba ukungezwa izinto ukusheshisa ukukhula olawula isikhathi izimbali kanye yokuvuthwa.

Ezolimo, floriculture kanye nezempilo

Ubuchwepheshe yokuthola imikhiqizo ukudla kabanzi ukufinyelela i-chemistry, izakhi (GMO). Enye yezinkinga ukusetshenziswa nitrogen umquba, okuholela sokuzuza imifino, izithelo, amakhabe kwakheka izakhi ezibanga umdlavuza - nitrate. nomthelela omubi isimo sezempilo sabantu e ukusetshenziswa isivuno kwezinye Agrochemicals. Ezweni ngalinye, esungulwe iziqondiso kwesicelo sabo, okuyinto kuyaqashwa kumasevisi phytosanitary.

Isiqondiso uthembisa umanyolo. Ukuze izimpahla zakhe (zemvelo, imvelo) nezimfuneko okusezingeni eliphezulu. amafemu Agricultural nabalimi ungayisebenzisi amakhemikhali zokwenziwa GMO ukutshala izitshalo, e ukucutshungulwa izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukudla.

Ukusakazwa izinto ngaphansi ukulima zemvelo kungaphansi isikimu.

Okwamanje, ososayensi yezolimo kanye nodokotela ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokukhiqiza. Kabanzi efakwe ubuchwepheshe bama-computer izinga ukulawula imikhiqizo yezolimo, ukuthuthukisa iindlela kwamakhemikhali kanye zofuzo yokuthuthukisa amasosha omzimba izitshalo. Sekuthanda imikhiqizo eco-friendly kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asethuthukile.