KumiswaIzilimi

Yini stylistically ezinemibala amazwi? Umbala wesitayela

Basonta legatsha isayensi okhuluma ukuqeqeshwa ukusetshenziswa umahluko ulimi zokuxhumana, kanye nokunikeza ulwazi mayelana lolulwimi cobo lwalo, futhi ezifanele kusho kudingekile ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Ibizwa ngokuthi "isitayela" futhi esasisandulele kwaba mpendulo (umqondo ubugagu) eyayikhuluma kuphela umphakathi ekhuluma isitayela. Isitayela isayensi ihlanganisa zonke izinhlelo yokukhuluma izindlela. Kusinda imfundiso mayelana amafomu ephumelela kunazo yokukhuluma imicabango nemizwa.

Yini stylistically ezinemibala amazwi?

Zisetshenziswa kuphela izitayela ezithile, njenge:

  1. silulumagama Scientific. Kuhlanganisa amagama asetshenziswa imfundo, isayensi nobuchwepheshe (isib ububanzi, laser nokunye. D.).
  2. isichazamazwi Political. Nazi amazwi asetshenziswa emkhakheni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe (ikhandidethi, mqondo, cabanga nokunye. N.).
  3. Ingxoxo silulumagama. It imelelwa amazwi, ezisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi zokuxhumana yasekhaya, ngomlomo (izithombe ezinkulu, futhi iNet t. D.). Njengengxenye imisebenzi yobuciko isetshenziselwa kwebalingisi ngiswa abasemqoka abazizwa.

Efingqa angenhla asisiza ukuba asho ukuthi lokhu stylistically ngesineke amazwi. Yilawa amazwi eziye wanezela value, ngokunembile, bamemeze into futhi balidlulisele ezinganeni kuya ekuhlola lafanele (ukunganakwa, ukwamukelwa, kufaka ekhatsi siphukuto, nokunye. P.), Kanye imizwa ethile maqondana naye.

Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube Umbala wesitayela

Kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili:

1. Functional-target Umbala sitayela (coloration amayunithi ngazinye ulimi), okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • ingxoxo;
  • incwadi;
  • hlangothi.

Eyokuqala izinhlobo ezimbili kungaba:

- amafomu lwetakhi telulwimi (isib izivumelwano (hlangothi) - Isivumelwano (ingxoxo);

- igama (isib, indawo (hlangothi) - indawo (incwadi);

- Izaga (isib welule imilenze (ingxoxo) - bangabeki ubuthongo zokugcina (incwadi);

- iziphakamiso (isibonelo, ngenxa-flying non izimo zezulu, indiza imisiwe (hlangothi) - ngenxa yenkungu, angizange ngimuke (eyayivame).

2. ekhululekile-wesitayela Umbala kokuhlaziywa (akukho sesibopho ukuthobisa ukuba silandele isitayela esithile, eziqukethwe izwi) lifaka phakathi izinhlobo ezintathu:

  • encishisiwe;
  • owandiswayo;
  • hlangothi.

Isibonelo: ukuphila (hlangothi) - zhituha (encishisiwe) - ukuphila (lenyuke).

izwi hlangothi futhi stylistically ngesineke

I nesilulumagama selulwimi etemibhalo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: silulumagama anemibala stylistically futhi singathathi hlangothi.

silulumagama Neutral - amagama ungaboshwa yimiphi izitayela ezikhona yokukhuluma, okungukuthi, kungasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimiso yokukhuluma kusho, ngoba kuyizinto ekhululekile futhi ezinemibala ngokomzwelo. Nokho, la mazwi omqondofana sitayela (okuxoxa, incwadi, abahumushela kulo).

Ngokusho M. V Lomonosova theory ( "uthulisa ezintathu"), wonke amanye amagama kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi isistimu inkulumo okusezingeni eliphezulu izisetshenziswa (isb, ukuphumula nokuvivinya lenkaba t. D.) Noma esimweni esiphansi (isb, ngelinye ilanga, isisu m. N ) ..

Kule ndaba, kukhona silulumagama olukhulunywa (grey gelding, tsyts, njll ...) Futhi incwadi, okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

  • ibhizinisi esemthethweni (osonkontileka, olandelwayo, njll ...);
  • silulumagama izincwadi (amehlo, imajenta, njll ...);
  • sf (cathetus, mqondo, njll ...);
  • publicistic (abasebenzi emkhakheni, isinyathelo, nokunye. p.).

Iziqondiso isitayela ngokolimi

Ababili babo, ikakhulukazi:

  • stylistics ulimi;
  • isitayela yokukhuluma (stylistics obusebenzayo).

Isiqondiso kuqala ukufunda izindlela zendlela yokubhala silulumagama, luhlelo lwelulwimi kanye phraseology nesakhiwo wesitayela limi.

Okwesibili - izinhlobo ezahlukene inkulumo futhi athembele izitatimende ezehlukene yezinhloso.

Stylistics neziLimi kufanele ibe isimiso ukungaguquguquki nokusebenza futhi zibonisa ubuhlobo ezahlukene inkulumo ngenjongo ethi, izikhonzi zakhe, izimo yokuxhumana, isimo sengqondo kombhali kanye kwenkulumo ekhelini.

izigaba zayo ezinkulu avele izitayela obusebenzayo (izinhlobonhlobo ulimi standard, okuyinto abakhonza ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila womphakathi).

Izitayela - inhlanganisela ezahlukene kwekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi inqubo yokuxhumana. Ngamunye izindlela inkulumo uhlelo libhekene i okwakhe isicelo izinsiza yezilimi, kanye inhlanganisela yabo eziyingqayizivele nomunye.

Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuba zisungule incazelo kuyini stylistics namalimi wemiphakathi. Lokhu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, igatsha wesayensi yezilimi ukuthi etadisha izitayela ezahlukene (ulimi, inkulumo, uhlobo, njll). Futhi isihloko ngocwaningo alwenzayo yilona izakhiwo ngokomzwelo, ekhululekile futhi kuhlola amayunithi ulimi ngokuya paradigmatic (ngaphakathi isimiso solimi), kanye isici syntagmatic (ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana).

Isakhiwo kwesigaba kubhekwe wesayensi yezilimi

Isitayela yolimi lwanamuhla Russian inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. isitayela umbhalo, okuyinto uhlola oyiyo yangaphakathi hhayi ulimi ukuhlobana phakathi okuqukethwe (inhloso, isihloko nokunye. D.) Nge inkulumo ngolimi.

Ngenxa yalesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukwakha umbhalo, nokuxhumana izakhi zalo kwesakhiwo, ubuhlobo ifomu kanye nokuqukethwe, umthelela izinhloso yekuchumana wombhali kanye ekhelini, kanye umthelela izici eziyisisekelo. Ngokuvamile, indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-degree of ukudalulwa imisebenzi ethize yekuchumana.

2. stylistics Functional eligxile cwaningo yezindlela ekhona ukusetshenziswa kolimi sphere eqondile umsebenzi womuntu (nezokuphatha, zomthetho, ezesayensi, setepolitiki, nokunye).

3. imithombo isitayela (stylistics kwenta) waziphatha ucwaningo kwezinsiza ngokolimi ngokuya Umbala yabo sitayela (ekhululekile ngokomzwelo futhi zisebenza-isitayela). Sidingida izici mayelana nokusetshenziswa amayunithi ulimi njengendlela yokuthola ekugqugquzeleni Inkulumo imicabango ethile, imizwelo yokudlulisa ulwazi.

Ngamanye amazwi, isitayela yolimi lwanamuhla Russian, kanye isiko yokukhuluma kanye mpendulo study nezindaba ezihlobene ngezinga kwekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi kanye nokusebenza kanye nezimali zawo ngaphansi tekuchumana. wayenesithakazelo inkinga mayelana ukwehluka futhi imiva yokukhuluma.

Ngakho, sokuqonda tonkhe tigaba isitayela kungenziwa kanje nenchazelo. Ngokusho wesitayela Dictionary encyclopedic we isiRashiya, kuba legatsha wesayensi yezilimi ukuthi ufunda amakhono ulimi izindlela zayo yokukhuluma kanye nezimiso ezisebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu.

Okuqukethwe isitayela esisebenzayo

Okokuqala, leli gama lihlanganisa ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana izitayela namalimi wemiphakathi. Okwesibili, stylistics esisebenzayo kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa Umbala ekhululekile ngokomzwelo izinsiza ezikhona kulolu limi. Okwesithathu, lesi sigaba iqukethe igama elifanayo kwezinsiza namalimi wemiphakathi.

indawo Central kunikezwa yokugcina, ngakho njengoba:

  • ngolimi avame kungekho omqondofana ngokuphelele;
  • ukuhlukahluka lahlotshaniswa kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana kwezinkambiso labhaliwe;
  • It wakuvumela Ukuqhathanisa omqondofana njengoba isihloko khona kwabo ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ngaphansi kombandela ukuziphendukela kwaso.

Kubalulekile futhi kohlaka ukusetshenziswa esisebenzayo kwezinsiza wesitayela nemithetho yolimi nendlela lucebe limi.

Umlando ukuvela isitayela

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, owandulela ifomu wanamuhla isitayela babe Poetics lasendulo futhi ephakathi mpendulo. Eyokuqala livele njengoba isayensi zezinkondlo, kanti eyesibili - isayensi ubugagu, emaphakathi lapho ukwenza imfundiso mayelana inkulumo Verbal esekelwe Ukukhetha amagama athile, imishwana yabo futhi izifenqo.

Ngaphansi kohlaka stylistics Russian indima ebalulekile yokuziphendukela izitayela wokuqala Russian usosayensi semvelo M. V Lomonosova.

Igama elithi ludabuka ezindaweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. mhlawumbe isebenza German romantic, futhi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elifanayo, imizamo yesayensi ukulungisiswa isitayela ( "isitayela Philosophy" UHerbert Spencer (1852) kanye Heymann Steinthal (1866).

Basics of isitayela babekwa imisebenzi AA no Potebni Veselovsky ( "Kusukela umlando lo epithet").

Ngomqondo ezincane eziningi (njengoba ilungiselelo izakhi ulimi inkulumo imingcele morpheme ukuze umusho wonke), leli gatsha wesayensi yezilimi isicelo American yezilimi achazayo (40-50-yalolucwaningo. Ikhulu XX-th.).

Ngomqondo obanzi, isitayela laliqondwa yesimanje yezilimi English umbhalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi ezihambisana ngemiqondo efana ukushintshashintsha kanye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela amafomu kanye nezindlela nombhali embhalweni noma okhuluma babeyalisiswa wephule, ngakho yaveza ngaphezulu nohlelo lolimi (umbhalo stylistics).

Njengoba imfundiso umbhalo ofanayo nge-extra-kombhalo ulimi subsystems ( "Ikhodi", lolo limi olusetshenziswa nokunye. D.) isitayela yasungulwa futhi abameleli ePrague esikoleni ngokolimi ngokomlando ngaphambili kakhulu (30-40-yalolucwaningo. Ikhulu XX-th.). Lapha inkulumo yonke isenzo (wetemlomo nobe lobhalwako) Kuyaqondakala njengoba umphumela ukukhetha isikhulumi amafomu ethize ngokolimi kuhlanganise amathuba zangaphambi ukuhlinzeka kolimi (zolimi nemisebenzi yazo, syntactic, ifonotiki, lucebe). Kanye inhlanganisela yako, ngo kohlaka yokukhuluma isenzo, yebo, kuye ngokuthi "umsebenzi" zalo.

Ngesisekelo lolu hlobo ukuhumusha isitayela kwaba welithi "obusebenzayo" ( "Ukuxhumana") isitayela yokukhuluma. Yafika nomqondo Charles Bally: ngolimi kukhona amaningi kanzulu izinhlobo kuyahambisana, kanye imigqa yabo, enye yazo "isizinda kokungathathi hlangothi", kanti bonke abanye bavela of obuhlukahlukene umbala eyengeziwe - yesitayela.

Lemisiwe silulumagama wesitayela

Into ebaluleke kakhulu bobabili bavele, ikakhulukazi:

  1. Khona noma ukungabi khona amazwi okuqondene ukuba silandele isitayela esithile obusebenzayo isiRashiya.
  2. Ukuba khona Umbala ngokomzwelo yokukhuluma (amathuba ekhululekile kwamayunithi).

Umcabango lingavumelani wesitayela

incazelo kwesitayela kwegama elithi - eka okuqukethwe noma ifomu umsindo iyunithi ngokolimi, okwenza zilinganiselwe izinhlobo ukusebenzisa kwayo isitayela esithile. It has elinye igama - kuhlotshaniswa (linikeza umqondo).

Isikhathi esining impela, zikhona izikhathi lapho kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi incazelo sitayela lucebe kwamayunithi. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwi anjengokuthi esiphongweni, ezihlathini nezindebe ingabe imiqondo yokwakheka (ingxenye Yekhanda, izingxenye ubuso, isikhumba-imisipha emphethweni), kanye tserkovnoslavyanizmy ohambelana (ebunzini, izihlathi, futhi izindebe) - ". Umthombo izinkulumo abahlakaniphile" "ichibi imibono",

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi lapha okuhlanganisiwe ne kuhlotshaniswa okushiwo lucebe zezwi. Nokho umehluko semantic embodiments wesitayela kungaba sakugcina (isib Breg - Beach, coldness - abandayo, njll ...). Kule ndaba, singakwazi ukukhetha wesitayela sici amagugu uzibuse.

izingxenye lingavumelani

Ezintathu kuzo:

  1. Functional-isitayela. Kuchaza iyunithi kolimi okuqondene ukuba silandele isitayela esithile.
  2. Ngokomzwelo elilinganiselwe. Lesi sici usungula ubuhlobo isipika into yokukhuluma.
  3. Ekhululekile (ekhululekile). Ubonisa isifiso isikhulumi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "nhle" ke. expressivity Generalized kungaqondakala njengoba kubuyekezwa ifomu sangaphakathi izwi (ukuhlobana ukubaluleka kanye umsindo).

I izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala ulimi amayunithi

Nokho, A lot of kubo, wanquma ukwaba lokhu okulandelayo:

  • isizinda:

- umsebenzi yekuchumana (zokuxhumana inqubo);

- kwengcondvo (ukucabanga inqubo).

  • oyinhloko;
  • nemikhiqizo (esinqunyiwe).

izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala yamagama (ulimi ezivamile) zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

  • nominative (ukubiza imihlola kanye nezinjongo ngokoqobo extralinguistic);
  • ngokomzwelo (Inkulumo ka ubuhlobo isipika inkulumo into);
  • conative (orientation isihlobo ukuba interlocutor).

Imisebenzi Basic ngokuvamile ukubizwa ngokuthi ngokolimi jikelele, okuyinto azibonakalisa iyiphi inombolo izitatimende (ngaphandle kukhulunywa ukuxhunywa wesitayela).

Clichés futhi kantselyarizmy

Yini amazwi stylistically ngesineke, ngaxoxa, manje idili kuwufanele ezinamaphutha ezibangwa ukusetshenziswa yabo engenabulungisa. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa kuze emayunithi elulwimi, ezixhunywe ne isitayela olusemthethweni.

izakhi zayo zifakwe stylistically engamukeleki ngabo umongo, ngokuthi kantselyarizmami ( "Russian ekilasini ulimi 10"). Kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi lokhu libhekisela amasevisi inkulumo kuphela ezimweni lapho asetshenziswa inkulumo, okuyinto aliboshiwe ngezindinganiso lesi sitayela.

Ngu phraseological futhi lucebe kantselyarizmam wamukelwe izwi (ibinzana) kokuba ogxile ejwayelekile uhlelo izwi Umbala ejenti (isib ngenxa yokuntula, uma ikhona, ukuze angathatha m. P.). Ukusebenzisa kwabo njengengxenye lesi sitayela kwenza kube stylistically understated.

Kuwufanele ukukhumbuza ukuthi amazwi anjalo stylistically Ngesineke - emayunithi elulwimi nge value added.

Ithonya olusemthethweni isitayela ivezwe kahle usebenzisa clichés (angukhiye anezithunywa yande kakhulu, futhi izinkulumo eziye lonakele kusulwe engasho lutho nangokomzwelo). Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi esikhatsini lesinyenti ngekwetimongcondvo letehlukene, ngokuvamile wasebenzisa inkulumo ethi "ukuthola ukubhaliswa" ( "I ibhola, okuyinto izimpukane ku umgomo, uthola imvume yokuba yisakhamuzi kumathebula", "u-Aphrodite waba umbukiso unomphela iqoqo Museum, ngaleyo ndlela-ke lithole imvume yokuba yisakhamuzi edolobheni lethu").

Isitembu kungaba futhi iyiphi ngokuvamile waphinda inkulumo, isibonelo izingathekiso lelingantjintji (kwencazelo okuyinto baye balahlekelwa amandla wakhe ongokomfanekiso ngenxa ukusetshenziswa njalo engxoxweni). Nokho, isitayela esisebenzayo leli gama has a incazelo ezincane eziningi: it is stereotyped izinkulumo banezimfanelo umbala kwabefundisi ( "Russian ekilasini ulimi 10").

amazwi Anhlobonhlobo enanini esingachaziwe, ungase futhi wenze njengoba clichés (isib, inombolo, inkinga, phaka, kuchazwa, ukuzivocavoca, eyenziwa ahlukene, nokunye).

Kufanele okufanele ahlukaniswe kusuka sezifunda okuthiwa (esebenzisa inkulumo ahunyushwe ngokuthi ibe inkulumo, ezisetshenziswa kuleli isitayela lesibonwa).

Lezi zihlanganisa inhlanganisela kokuba uhlamvu esitebeleni (isevisi umsebenzi, abasebenzi emkhakheni kahulumeni, international usizo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle nokunye. D.). Basuke kabanzi izintatheli ngenxa yokuthi ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba njalo reinvent izindlela ngokuyinhloko entsha yokukhuluma.

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