Iyunithi ulimi. amayunithi Ulimi isiRashiya - kungcono isiRashiya ...

Ucwaningo isiRashiya iqala izakhi eziyisisekelo. Akha isakhiwo isisekelo. Njengoba izingxenye kukhona amayunithi kwezilimi isiRashiya. Lawa izingxenye uhlelo ngokolimi, okuyinto division inadmissible ngaphakathi ezingeni yabo siqu. Ngokulandelayo, sihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe umqondo, ukuchaza ngezigaba. Futhi esihlokweni Uzonikezwa izici yezingxenye ngokolimi eziyisisekelo.

"Ukuhlukanisa"

Yiziphi izinto eziyisisekelo isiRashiya? Ngo isakhiwo kukhona division zibe izakhi ezihlobene esicongweni aphansi. Kukhona into okuthiwa umbandela ngokuba decomposability. It enquma ukuthi iyunithi ulimi uyahlukaniswa. Decomposability kungenzeka zonke izakhi zihlukaniswe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi yangaphambili lasi indivisible ezifana phoneme futhi morpheme. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa lezo zakhi zazo ukubola izakhi, okuyizinto ezingeni aphansi. Main emayunithi elulwimi ehlangana amazinga ehlukene ohlelweni.

ngezigaba

Ezahlukene emayunithi elulwimi ehlangana ngamaqembu amabili. Lowekucala uhlobo ulwelwesi umsindo. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba kunezinhlobo impahla ukuthi abe njalo umsindo igobolondo. Ikakhulukazi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa iyunithi ulimi ezifana phoneme, izwi, morpheme, ngisho isiphakamiso. Kukhona uhlobo kuqhathaniswa izinto. Lokhu kusho imodeli yokwakhiwa imishwana nemisho, elivame ukusetshenziswa linencazelo generalized. Kukhona into efana ukubaluleka iyunithi. Abakwazi khona ngaphandle izinhlobo impahla kanye isihlobo ezibonakalayo ziyingxenye yabo semantic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto kwamayunithi zibuye zihlukaniswe sohlangothi olulodwa futhi zamazwe amabili. Eyokuqala akanayo value they yodwa ukusiza ukwakha imvilophi umsindo. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, phonemes kanye amaqoqo ezinhlamvu. Kodwa ndaba zamazwe amabili, yingakho baze banikezwe ngisho babephakathi amayunithi phezulu ulimi. Lawa amagama nemisho. Emazinga Elulwimi Kuphakathi izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi yizici yabo.

isiRashiya

Ngu definition, kulesi simiso iqoqo izinhlayiya yisakhiwo sodumo kabusha ifomu umsindo ukuveza imicabango yomuntu nemizwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu wokuxhumana futhi ukudluliswa ulwazi. Nina Davidovna Arutyunov, sezilimi amaSoviet nasemakamu Russian, ulimi kubhekwa iphuzu elibalulekile ukuvela amasiko nomphakathi. Kulelizinga leliphansi kakhulu kohlelo amafonethiki, okusho umsindo. Ngenhla morphemes ukuthi yakhiwa izakhi ezingeni odlule. Morpheme wakhiwa amagama awo, esikhundleni salokho, kwakhiwa le-syntax. iyunithi neziLimi libhekene hhayi kuphela indawo yayo, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi. Iphinde yenza umsebenzi othize kanye has izici isici isakhiwo. Thatha ngolimi olulodwa, okuyinto ezingeni aphansi - phoneme. Ngu uqobo, umsindo ongaqhubeki injongo. Nokho, baxhumana nezinye izakhi abakanye naye ezingeni elifanayo, kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa morphemes ngabanye kanye amazwi. Ngu izakhi ifonotiki kukhona amaqoqo ezinhlamvu. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ukubaluleka kwabo ngaso sonke isikhathi walungisiswa ngokwanele, izazi zesayensi ezithile azikholelwa ekujaheni bavumelane yokuthi ilunga - efanayo iyunithi namalimi wemiphakathi.

morpheme

Morpheme kubhekwe amayunithi kulencane kolimi anencazelo. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu izwi - kuyimpande. Phela, inquma inshokutsi yemagama. Kodwa tijobelelo letehlukene, ticalo ekupheleni umphelelisi osho kuphela. Zonke morphemes zihlukaniswe labo ukuthi bakha izwi (preformative), kanye nalezo ukudala izinhlobo igama (okuthiwa lolimi). isiRashiya amumethe ezakhiwe ezinjalo. Ngakho, igama elithi "okubomvu" yakhiwa ngu morphemes ezintathu. Eyokuqala kuyimpande "krasn-", okuyinto uchaza ithegi into. I isijobelelo "-ovat-" kubonisa ukuthi isici okuboniswe ngezinga elincane. Futhi, ekugcineni, ekupheleni "th" inquma ubulili, inombolo bese icala wavumelana zebizo isiphawulo. With ukuthuthukiswa umlando kanye nolimi, abanye morpheme kancane kancane kokushintsha. Amagama anjengokuthi "Umpheme", "umunwe" futhi "dolobha" phambilini yizinqamu ngaphezulu. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le mininingwane baye benziwe impande olulodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye morpheme esetshenziswa zinenani ngaphandle kwalowo zamanje.

izwi

Le yunithi ngokunganaki ulimi ubhekwa izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu. Inikeza umuzwa isihloko, kuncike, isenzo kanye izakhiwo, kuyingxenye isiphakamiso. Lesi sakamuva kungase kuhilele elilodwa. igobolondo umsindo kwakhiwa izwi, ukuthi kuwuphawu ifonotiki, morphemes (sici morphological) kanye namanani yabo (sici semantic). Kuzo zonke izilimi sihlangabezane impela eningi amagama anezincazelo eziningi. Ikakhulukazi Ezimweni ezinjalo igcwele isiRashiya. Ngakho, igama elithi "etafuleni" owaziwa lisho nje kuphela ifenisha okuqondene ifenisha, kodwa futhi imenyu ye izifundo eziningana, kanye ingxenye yezokwelapha ehhovisi imvelo.

Zonke amazwi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ehlukahlukene. Zokusabalalisa lwetakhi telulwimi izici iqembu kuyingxenye yokukhuluma. izibopho Derivational ukudala izigaba zamagama. Ngaphakathi incazelo yalezi izakhi zihlukaniswe bomcondvofana, bomcondvophika kanye namaqembu thematic. Umlando ihambisa kubo kuze archaisms, neologisms futhi historicism. Ngamagama ukwenaba ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama zihlukaniswe efaneleyo, isitsotsi, amazwi lwesigodi kanye nemibandela. Banikezwe umsebenzi izakhi namalimi isakhiwo kukhona Izaga angawodwa nemisho lemagalagala imigomo amagama. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, isibonelo, zihlanganisa amazwi anjengokuthi "ukuvala abacaphuni" futhi "Ukufakwa isakhiwo". Isibonelo amagama kwakwakhe kukhona "Sea White" futhi "Ivan".

Amabinzana, nemisho

iyunithi neziLimi, kwakhiwa okuyinto emazwini libizwa ibinzana. Lo mklamo, ehlanganisa okungenani izici ezimbili ezihlobene ne eyodwa yezindlela ezilandelayo: ukuqondanisa, ukulawula noma adjacently. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagama nemisho kwakhiwa ngazo izingxenye iziphakamiso. Kodwa le nkulumo kuyisinyathelo ngaphansana supply. Ngezinye efanayo ezingeni syntactic esitebhisini ulimi wadala ngokuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye. Kuvele isici esibalulekile izipesheli - buviyoviyo. Ibonisa ukuphelela noma incompleteness isakhiwo. Inikeza ke uhlobo umbuzo noma umyalelo, futhi unezela ngokomzwelo Umbala usebenzisa enjabulo.

"Emic" futhi "bokuziphatho" emayunithi elulwimi

iyunithi Material kolimi kungenzeka akhona ngendlela ongakhetha eziningana efomini yamandla noma ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha, ngokuthi invariant. Eyokuqala esiqokiwe imigomo neziphathelene nokuziphatha kwabantu njengobulili allophones, allomorphs izizinda morphs. Ukuze ube njani yesibili iyaqhubeka phonemes futhi morphemes. inkulumo iyunithi sakhiwa izinhlayiya ulimi. Lezi akunakubangelwa imishwana nemisho, amagama ayingxube, morphemes futhi phonemes. Le migomo yethulwe Pike - sezilimi American.

Izimpawu izakhi ngokolimi

Kunezinto eziningi isayensi, ngalinye elikwazi libhekene kunemibono ehlukene kanye nencazelo emayunithi elulwimi. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi inketho ukusingatha, ungahlala ukugqamisa izici ezivamile futhi izici of emayunithi elulwimi. Ngokwesibonelo, phoneme kubhekwa isigaba umsindo afana ngesisekelo nemisindo yamagama. Nokho, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isici esiyinhloko salezi zici Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukucacisa yamagama nezakhiwo zawo. Morpheme lasi ngokolimi, okuyinto musa kuhluke ukuzimela syntactic. Amagama, kunalokho, zizimele. Futhi imigomo iziphakamiso. Zonke lezi zici zivamile hhayi kuphela timvo letehlukene. They are kasibili efanelekayo ngazo zonke izilimi.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi isakhiwo

Phakathi amayunithi kolimi kanye nokukhuluma , kunezinhlobo eziningi zobuhlobo. Uhlobo lokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi paradigmatic. Lolu hlobo limelela ukuphikiswa phakathi amayunithi elise ezingeni elifanayo. izinhlayiya Ubudlelwano syntagmatical besigaba efanayo ehlangana nomunye phakathi kwenqubo inkulumo, noma ukwakha izakhi ephakeme-level. ubudlelwano phezulu kunqunywa degree obulukhuni amayunithi lapho amazinga aphansi kuyinto kweliphezulu.