Yini ukutadisha ethnography? ethnography imisebenzi

Kulesi sihloko impendulo yombuzo ngaphawula ukuthi ukutadisha ethnography. We uzokutshela ngokuningiliziwe ngalokhu isayensi, siyasho ezinye zezici zalo ngeke obuqinisekisa ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwaleso ukubaluleka.

Kanjani ukuqala ukuthola impendulo yalo mbuzo ukuthi ukutadisha ethnography? Nge ukuzimisela ukubaluleka igama layo. Ethnography - isayensi study izizwe. "Uhlobo" kusho YesiGreki "isizwe", "abantu" nokuthi "Ukubala" - ngiloba kanjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngomqondo ongokoqobo isihloko sale isayensi angahunyushwa ngokuthi "incazelo zezizwe." Ngu Isifaniso, isibonelo, petrography - incazelo zamatshe, geography - incazelo umhlaba, njll Kodwa isayensi luyingxenye achazayo alikho ... Incazelo yanoma yisiphi kubo - lena kuphela nsuku iziphetho, e ngokuzikhethela imithetho ukwakhiwa kwanoma yiliphi isu nomenziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-geography owazi sezwe, izimila, isimo sezulu, nezilwane kanye nabanye. Ngokwalesi ubudlelwano babo, amaphethini ukuthuthukiswa. abazi imithetho kuphela, singasebenzisa ingcebo yemvelo enkonzweni yomphakathi.

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi etadisha ethnography njengoba isayensi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ibuye nje ukuchaza abantu abahlala Emhlabeni. Uyazi imithetho ngazo akhiwa futhi yathuthukiswa, kanye izizathu iyiphi isizwe + iyahluka kwenye. kungenziwa etholakala ngesisekelo le ncazelo elandelayo: ethnography - isifundo esiphathelene abantu, ukuvula izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi yentuthuko yabo.

Ukuvela ethnography

Nakuba kamuva idatha langempela kwakheka isisekelo ethnography, isikhathi eside ziye eqala ukubutha kanye zinqwabelana, yena sekukhona njengenhlangano isayensi ezimele kuphela nekhulu le-19. Into izifundo yakhe yokuqala baba zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando eziphilayo (sotsiory) - umphakathi wesintu ngabanye, okuqhubekayo bakudala ngesikhathi okwenziwe ngaleli isayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ethnography eqala ukutadisha hhayi kuphela ubuqotho babo njengoba kwenziwa isiko lezi imiphakathi. It ubulokhu ihlala isayensi kuphela kabani into cwaningo njalo - umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Nokho, ethnography - isayensi study hhayi sotsiory kuphela. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa okungenani ezimbili into yayo.

Amabili into ethnographic

Kuzo zonke umphakathi class pre-capitalism, ngaphandle kwe-zasendulo, bekulokhu ahlobene, kodwa ehlukene ezimbili amasiko: elite (isiko elingenhla) kanye elalihunyushelwe (isiko phansi). Kugcine on ukuthuthukisa ubhujiswe, kodwa ubalekela kuphela ngaphansi capitalism. Le nqubo ivame kuthatha isikhathi eside. Thina sinesithakazelo kwezesayensi kusukela buqala waqala ukutadisha hhayi kuphela isiko bakudala, kodwa futhi abantu abavamile, ikakhulukazi abalimi. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe uma umbuzo wokuthi ukufunda ethnography. Amazwibela kulandela ngenhla: it has kusukela ekuqaleni kwaba into 2 - isiko zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo inhlamba.

Izici yentuthuko ethnography e-UK

IGreat Britain Kwakukhonya uMbuso ngobukhulu wamakoloni ngesikhathi okuvela ethnography. Baningi izindawo unamandla ngaphezu kuka isimo, futhi abaningi babo kuhlala imiphakathi bakudala. Kodwa abantukazana e-UK abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi ngalesi sikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ethnography izwe waqala njengoba isayensi ekubhekaneni ekutadisheni umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Ucwaningo elalihambisana ne izinsalela emhlabeni ongumlimi, wahlanganyela temdzabu wokubusa. Nokho, ososayensi baseBrithani ekuseni kakhulu waba nesithakazelo abantukazana Eastern imiphakathi esibambile UK uhulumeni, ngokuyinhloko India (B. Baden-Powell, G. Mayne). Nokho, lolu cwaningo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli avame njengezigqila ezingewona ama-ethnography. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into kubo babe yizinkulungwane umphakathi ikakhulukazi ongumlimi, kunokuba isiko.

Ethnography eJalimane

Njengoba i-Germany, futhi kwakhiwa umbono walo lokuthi ukutadisha ethnography. Inchazelo kwale sayensi ososayensi German Babekhona nabanye eziningana Nokho, okuyinto, kalula wachaza. Iqiniso lokuthi abantukazana ayaqhubeka ekhona kuleli lizwe. Ngakho impendulo yombuzo othi ngalokho ethnography izifundo eJalimane Kwaqala e okulandelayo: isiko folksy. Kwakuthinta kuphela ke sekuqala ukuvela isayensi imiphakathi bakudala eyayihunyushwe esavela ngemva eJalimane laba umbuso wamakoloni. By the way, kwaba kuhle ngasekupheleni.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ethnography eRussia

Izici ukuthuthukisa izwe lethu babe yokuthi izwe zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo ongumlimi hhayi kwaphela ogade akhona.UZimu side by side, kodwa futhi ukuze uxhumane futhi ukungena nomunye. Umugqa phakathi kwabo kwakuvame isihlobo. Ngakho-ke, iningi lososayensi Russian kwaba igama ovamile for lokhu isayensi (Ethnology, noma ethnography), kodwa ngokuya esikhethekile eyala ezimbili ezenza kube, kwakungelula.

Ethnology nohlanga eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma

ENtshonalanga Yurophu, phakathi nekhulu le-19, igama lesibili kwale sayensi - Ethnology. Ehunyushiwe kusho "ukuhlola izizwe." Leli gama ezifanelekayo ukubonakalisa Ingqikithi isithakazelo kithi isayensi. Nokho, kwavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngesikhathi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zobuhlanga ngawo izizwe zihlukaniswe izinhlanga aphakeme nabaphansi, yathi chithi saka. izinhlanga phansi kunabaphostoli - kungcono abantu zemvelo, abangekho ezingeni eliphansi intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Abanalo umlando, ngisho noma enendawo, ke ayikaziwa. Laba bantu badinga kuphela ukuchaza, okungukuthi, ukuba silungise ikhono lazo ukuphila esikhathini samanje. Lokhu Ubuye ukubhekana isayensi ezifana ethnography.

Izizwe okuyizinto ezingeni eliphezulu sokuthuthukisa amasiko nezomnotho, kukhona zomlando, ukuba yaba nomlando omude eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isifundo sabo kuyadingeka, futhi kungumsebenzi Ethnology.

Sebenzisa amagama athi "ethnography" futhi "Ethnology"

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwahlukana bazo zonke izizwe babe phezu zomlando wemvelo, ephakeme futhi aphansi, ososayensi abaningi namanje namukele. Banelungelo lokufuna wayekholelwa ukuthi kukhona isayensi eyodwa kuphela - Umlando, okuyinto ihlukaniswe 2 izigaba: umlando emphakathini wesintu, futhi umlando nemvelo. Eyokuqala yaqala lapho isintu wayehlukile jikelele silwane. Okunqumayo imithetho jikelele ekukhuleni komphakathi. Ngakho, ukwehlukana izizwe yemvelo kanye zomlando, ayinakusho ngokwesayensi. Nokho, igama elithi "Ethnology" namanje igxilile eNtshonalanga ngokuba isayensi lezizwe. ERussia, ukwakhelwa yayo ngokuvamile wasebenzisa igama elithi "ethnography". Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kuleyo migomo eRussia futhi eWest etshaliwe okuqukethwe efanayo: it is ukufunda, hhayi incazelo abantu abahlala Emhlabeni.

Emhlanganweni owawungo-Alma-Ata, Union Conference ngo-1990, kwanqunywa ukuba ubunye eside ukuthi libhekisela isayensi abantu. Ethnography ezweni lethu futhi waqala ngokuthi ngokusemthethweni Ethnology. Nokho, igama elithi "ethnography" balondolozwa. Namuhla sithi "Museum ethnographic", "uhambo ethnographic" Ngakho, Ethnology futhi ethnography -. Ingabe imigomo emibili ukuthi ukukhonza lapho kubhekiselwa isayensi lezizwe.

Umehluko phakathi kwezizwe

Ukuhlala ezweni abantu banemibono ehlukene kanye zobuhlanga (ngokomzimba) izici - e umbala nokuma izinwele, ibala lesikhumba, ukuphakama, kule nokwakheka izingxenye esithambile ubuso, njll Kulesi sisekelo, bahlukene phezu Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid futhi kuxutshwe ohlanga olulodwa .. nenhlonipho. anthropology Physical iphatha ekutadisheni zonke lezi umehluko phakathi kwabo.

Izizwe zomhlaba abakhuluma izilimi ezahlukene -. IsiJalimane, isiNgisi, isiRashiya nezinye izilimi ehlangana ku ezihlobene imikhaya ulimi. Awezolimi wahlanganyela abakufundayo. Sidingida uhlelo lolimi, amafonethiki, uhlu lwamagama, izilimi.

Ezweni labantu futhi igama elihlukile (isiRashiya, AmaTatar, Georgians, nokunye. D.), Consciousness (mina isi-Byelorussian mina Kyrgyzstan), izici of psyche futhi lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhi amasiko nezenhlalo esivela ngamunye wabo (izingubo eyinqaba, indawo yokuhlala, imikhosi kokuphila komphakathi nokomkhaya, nokunye. d.). Ngenxa yalokhu, zonke izizwe ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokwayo lonke izici ze-non-idatha. Ethnology, noma ethnography, iye ukutadisha lezi umehluko.

izici yobuhlanga

Ngakho, ke kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi into Ukutadisha ethnography isayensi - kuba abantu isihloko - izici yobuhlanga. Lesi sakamuva libhekisela ukuzinyeza, izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi we ezingokomoya, ezingokwenhlalo futhi isiko impahla, ikakhulukazi kwengqondo nokuphila, ithuthukiswe ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa zomlando eside. Zonke izici ezingenhla ukwenza ewonke esikweni lesizwe abantu. Kuyinto into eyinhloko isayensi ezifana ethnography.

Ukuze siphendule umbuzo othi kungani kubalulekile ukufunda izici yobuhlanga wabantu, amasiko alo.

Ethnography nomlando

Okokuqala, nolwazi kubo kusinikeza ithuba ukuxazulula imibuzo mayelana kwaqala, izenzakalo ezingokomlando. Umlando wabantu kulotshiwe impahla ethnographic. Kufanele bakwazi ukufunda. izici Cultural nomphakathi njalo kuhlobene ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, izici nezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, lonke uhla kwamasiko nomphakathi kushintsha lapho kukhona ushintsho kulezi zici. Ngakho-ke, uma wazi ukuthi ukuphila namasiko abantu bangakhuluma izimo zemvelo kwendawo kanye nezenhlalakahle lapho likhona. Konke lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze uqonde izimpande yomsuka nokuthuthukiswa. Ngenxa yokuthi ethnography ukuzixazulula zonke lezi zinkinga, kungase kubhekwe isayensi zomlando. Libhekisela ukuthi futhi yena ngezigaba isimo.

Ethnography - social sciences

Nokho, inani layo akugcini obekushiwo ngenhla. Kubalulekile ukuthi etadisha ethnography. Chaza kafushane incazelo yalo nokulisebenzisa ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Ulwazi zokuphila kazwelonke namasiko inikeza ithuba kutholakale ukuma we izinqubo ezahlukene amasiko nezenhlalo ezenzeka okwamanje. Futhi ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo akunakwenzeka ukuba afeze ukuguqulwa kwamasiko kanye nezenhlalakahle. Eplanethini yethu, njalo wahamba izinqubo ukuthi zishintshile ubuso kwamasiko kanye nomphakathi zezizwe ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuholela yokuthi abanye kubo enyamalala, uvele abanye. Zonke lezi zinqubo okubhekiselwa yokuthi ukutadisha ethnography.

Umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi ukuqothulwa kwezinye izizwe futhi ukuvela abanye. Ikakhulukazi, olwalukhona Thracians, Gauls, Meshchera, Bulgars, Meria, nabanye. Namuhla, awayona. French wabonakala, baseBulgaria, AmaTatar nabanye. Lokhu kungenxa izinqubo yobuhlanga, ngokujulile aphethwe esikhathini esidlule. Bona ziyenzeka esikhathini sethu. Umumo kufanele bazi ukuze bakwazi ngokufanele uphathe inkampani. Iqiniso ukuthi underestimation ubuzwe ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza Amathrendi zisenza sibe nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe, kanye nezinye imiphumela emibi, okuyinto alibale yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ukuze intuthuko. Lokhu inkinga isixazululekile ngesayense ethnography, sinika izizathu ukufakwa yayo umjikelezo we-social sciences.

Ethnography futhi Lemvelo

Futhi ukubhekana nezinkinga esiphuthumayo kwemvelo namuhla ulwazi kubaluleke kakhulu ngezici kwamasiko nezenhlalo zezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Phela, lezi zici nomthelela kakhulu isiqondiso yomsebenzi wezomnotho, okuyinto yena, kuthinta imvelo womhlaba. Njengobe abengakwati konkhe loko izici amasiko nezenhlalo ezizwe, awukwazi ukugxambukela emisebenzini yabo ibhizinisi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhumusha Ungangeni abantu sedentary ayimizulane, zihanjiswe ku ezinkulu esigodini sezintaba izakhamuzi t. D. Kuyinto kubabangele balahlekelwa kakhulu zokuziphatha kanye nezomnotho. Ayikho ingozi ukuthi esikhathini sethu kukhona isayensi entsha - imvelo yobuhlanga. Libuka ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana ukuthi kunokufana okungaka phakathi kwezinceku yemvelo imvelo yendawo indoda.

Ethnography nezepolitiki

Kodwa lokhu akulona impendulo ewujuqu umbuzo mayelana nencazelo yalokho ukutadisha ethnography. grade 5th umlando izifundo kuvame aphethwe ngesihloko esithi "ethnography", kodwa ngokuqondene ke lalizishaya. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inani lale isayensi likhulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye izici amasiko nezenhlalo lezizwe ezihlukahlukene Zomhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukusungula izibopho kwezamasiko, kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho phakathi kwazo. Futhi ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukucabanga hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni abantu, kodwa futhi likhona. Ukuze ukuhlala endaweni enhle futhi ubungane bakhe noma yisiphi isizwe, kubalulekile ukwazi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi izifunda sezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Ngoba bheka abantu abaphilayo ezahlukene kwamasiko nezilimi.

ethnography zomculo

Ekuphetheni, siphawula ukuthi kukhona nazo ezihlobene nale isayensi izifundo imikhakha eyahlukene, enye yazo - a ethnography zomculo. Letinemakhono ubuciko uzilungiselele e conservatories. Mhlawumbe uke ukuyichaza kakade, ukutadisha ethnography zomculo? Iyiphi impendulo enembile - folk. Lokhu isiyalo eslphambanweni temdzabu, ethnography futhi musicology.

Njengoba ubona-ke, ukuthi etadisha ethnography, kubaluleke kakhulu kusukela iphuzu eliwusizo umbono, futhi ezindaweni eziningana. Ngakho-ke, inani lale isayensi likhulu kakhulu futhi uyohlale efanele.

Ngakho, saxoxa umbuzo kungaba ukutadisha ethnography. Impendulo, sethemba ukuthi wanelisekile, futhi ulwazi kuyoba usizo.