Carbon - lokhu ... carbon ama-athomu. carbon isisindo

Omunye izakhi okurarako, okuyinto sebakwati ezihlukahlukene compounds bemvelo organic wezinto ezingaphili, ama carbon. Kuyinto izakhiwo okungavamile kangaka ka isici namanje Mendeleev wabikezela ngokuzuma, ingasaphathwa izici kudalulwe okwamanje.

Kamuva baqiniswa umkhuba. Yabe seyaziwa ukuthi - induna isici biogenic iplanethi yethu, oyingxenye ngokuphelele akubo bonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyakwazi ekhona amafomu ukuthi kuhluke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izici, kodwa aqukethe kuphela ngama-athomu carbon.

Ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi kule isakhiwo eziningi, kuba nabo izozama ukubheka sihloko.

Carbon: ifomula kanye nesikhundla ohlelweni cell

Uhlelo gqwa izici carbon elise IV (ngokwendlela entsha isampula 14) nelicembu, subgroups main. inombolo yayo serial 6, kanye isisindo athomu 12,011. Ukumaka isici uphawu C kubonisa igama layo ngo-Latin - carboneum. Kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene lapho carbon ukhona. Ifomula ihlukile ngakho futhi kuncike ukuhlela kabusha ethize.

Nokho, ukuze ubhale zibalo ukuphendula amelela ethize, yebo. Ngokuvamile, uma into ngefomu okumsulwa, carbon kuthathwe ifomula yamangqamuzana C ngaphandle kokufakwa ohlwini.

Umlando yokutholakala element

Ngu uqobo, lesi sici yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Phela, omunye namaminerali abalulekile kakhulu ezintweni zemvelo - kuba amalahle. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa lasendulo AmaGreki, amaRoma nezinye izizwe izimfihlo wayengasekho.

Ngaphezu kwalesi silwane, futhi wasebenzisa yedayimane graphite. Nge wokugcina isikhathi eside ke kwadingeka nezimo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba ngokuvamile ngaphandle ngokuhlaziya indlela yokwakheka graphite kuthathwe yingxube njenge:

• phambili, lesiliva lokuthela;
• yensimbi Carbide;
• molybdenum sulfide.

Bonke zaveza omnyama ngakho babebhekwa njengezinhlanya Graphite. Kamuva lo nokungaqondi yacaciswa, futhi leli fomu carbon isibe uqobo.

Kusukela 1725 value elikhulu kwezohwebo yokuzuza amadayimane, futhi ngo-1970, kahle ubuchwepheshe ngokukhiqiza kubo eyayenziwe. Kusukela 1779, ngenxa yomsebenzi noKarla Sheele, ngihlole izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, elibonisa carbon. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo uchungechunge ezibaluleke emkhakheni timphawu, futhi yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukucaciswa zonke izici zayo eziyingqayizivele.

Isotopes carbon ngokwemvelo nokusatshalaliswa

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sakhi umbuzo - eyisakhi esibalulekile, okuqukethwe kwayo Imininingwane kuyinto 0.15% ngo isisindo koqweqwe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ke is phansi kwegazi okuqhubekayo, ukuzungeza zemvelo Emvelweni.

Ngokuvamile kungase zezakhi ezingaphezu okukhulunywa bemvelo amaminerali, lapho Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa carbon. Lezi amadwala emvelo, njenge:

• Dolomites futhi limestones;
• anthracite;
• uwoyela oluthambile;
• igesi yemvelo;
• amalahle;
• lamafutha;
• lignite ;
• Peat;
• itiyela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele sikhohlwe ngezinto eziphilayo ukuthi zimane Igumbi carbon compounds. Phela, nabo basuke akhiwa amaphrotheni, amafutha, carbohydrate, acid nucleic, futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-molecule ye obalulekile kwesakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, ukuguquka mafutha emzimbeni mass 70 kg 15 ukuwa ku isici okumsulwa. Futhi ngakho wonke umuntu, ingasaphathwa izilwane, izitshalo kanye nezinye izidalwa.

Uma sicabangela yokwakheka emoyeni namanzi, okungukuthi, hydrosphere, nomkhathi wonkana, kukhona abakhona ingxube carbon-oksijini, esashiwo CO ifomula _2. Dioxide noma carbon dioxide - omunye amagesi ukhiye, umoya kumalungu. Kuleli fomu le ingxenyenamba mass carbon 0,046%. Okuningi ziyoncibilika carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle.

Ungqimba-athomu carbon njengenhlangano isici 12,011. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lesi silinganiso esibaliwe kusho izibalo phakathi ezinesisindo sama-athomu kuzo zonke zemvelo IKhompyuthaYami izinhlobo, unikezwa nokudlanga yabo (njengoba amaphesenti). Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ketshezi mbuzo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu IKhompyuthaYami main, okuyinto efomini carbon. Ziyakwazi:

• ¹² C - ingxenyenamba yayo mass iningi 98,93%;
• ¹³ C - 1.07%;
• ¹⁴ C - a enemisebe isigamu-ukuphila iminyaka 5700, esitebeleni beta-emitter.

Esikhathini umkhuba yokunquma zezinhlobo geochronological oneminyaka engu-evame ukusetshenziswa enemisebe IKhompyuthaYami ¹⁴ C, okuyinto inkomba, ngenxa yesikhathi sawo eside zokuwohloka.

ukuguqulwa Allotropic timphawu

Carbon - liyisici okuyinto efomini lomcebo elula likhona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Okungukuthi, kuba sebakwati ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo zaphetha inombolo zokuguqulwa allotropic.

1. Crystal ukushintshashintsha - khona ngesimo isakhiwo esiqinile nge ngehele njalo uhlobo athomu. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana:

• amadayimane;
• fullerenes;
• graphites;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• carbon Imicu yotshani kanye tube.

Zonke lezi ezahlukene isakhiwo crystalline ngehele, lapho ISIZINDA - carbon athomu. Ngakho, izindawo unique ngokuphelele, hhayi ngendlela efanayo, ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali.

2. amafomu amorphous - amafomu carbon athomu e isakhiwo compounds zemvelo ezithile. Lokho, akusiyo izinhlobo okumsulwa, futhi ukungcola kwezinye izakhi eziningi ezincane. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa:

• ocushiwe carbon;
• netshe, nokhuni,
• omnyama;
• Carbon Nanofoam;
• anthracite;
• lwengilazi;
• Technical impahla banga.

Futhi sihlanganise izici crystal ngehele isakhiwo echaza futhi izakhiwo embukisweni.

3. Carbon compounds ngesimo amaqoqo. isakhiwo esinjalo, lapho ama-athomu zivaliwe endaweni eziyize conformation ekhethekile ngaphakathi, ligcwele amanzi noma nuclei nezinye izakhi. izibonelo:

• carbon nanocone;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

Izakhiwo carbon amorphous

Ngenxa ezihlukahlukene zokuguqulwa allotropic ukwaba ezinye izakhiwo jikelele ezingokomzimba carbon kunzima. Kulula ukukhuluma mayelana ifomu ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon amorphous has izici ezilandelayo.

1. At inhliziyo zonke izinhlobo - okuncane izinhlobo graphite.
2. High ukushisa umthamo.
3. Okuhle umqhubi izakhiwo.
4. Carbon kwabantu mayelana 2 g / cm ^3.
5. Lapho ukufuthelana ngenhla 1600 C ⁰ ushintsho kwenzeka e-graphite isikhunta.

Kuthiwa isisi, namalahle netshe izinhlobo kabanzi ngezinhloso ezimbonini. Ababona ibonakalisa ukulungisa carbon ngefomu okumsulwa, kodwa iqukethe semali kakhulu.

crystalline carbon

Kunezindlela eziningana lapho carbon - izidakamizwa ukwakha zinhlayiya njalo ezihlukahlukene, lapho ama-athomu axhunyiwe ngokulandelana. Ngenxa yalokho kwetinhlavu nokulungiswa elandelayo.

1. Diamond. Ukwakheka - cubic, ezixhunywe tetrahedrons ezine. Ngenxa yalokho, covalent chemical izibopho athomu ukugcwaliswa esiphezulu uqine ngamunye. Lokhu kuchaza Izakhiwo carbon ukuminyana 3300 kg / m ^3. ubulukhuni High, ongaphakeme ukushisa ethize, ukungabi khona conductivity kagesi - konke lokhu ngenxa isakhiwo crystal ngehele. Kukhona amadayimane ekhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe. Kwakheka ngesikhathi ushintsho graphite e ukuguqulwa elandelayo ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphezulu kanye ingcindezi ethile. Ngokuvamile, idayimane ukuncibilika lokushisa eliphezulu njengoba amandla - mayelana 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Graphite. Athomu ahlelwe efana nesakhiwo izinto wangaphambilini, kodwa ukugcwaliswa kwenzeka izixhumanisi ezintathu kuphela, kanti owesine kuba eside futhi kancane okuhlala, ke lebhokisi "izingqimba" olunezinhlangothi ngehele izindandatho. Umphumela ukuthi graphite - elithambile, okunamafutha nendaba touch omnyama. It has conductivity ezinhle kagesi futhi ukuncibilika lokushisa eliphezulu - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated kusuka okuqinile esimweni gaseous, ngokudlula ketshezi (ngesikhathi lokushisa 3700 ⁰ C). Carbon Wugqinsi - 2.26 g / ^cm3, okuyinto ephansi kakhulu kunalokho diamond. Lokhu kubenza babe nezici zabo ezahlukene. Ngenxa isakhiwo egqinsiwe we ngehele crystal kungenzeka ukusebenzisa graphite for yokukhiqiza izibambo amapensela elula. Lapho uqhuba ishq exfoliate iphepha bese ushiye trace ephepheni omnyama.
3. Fullerenes. Kwaba evulekile kuphela 80s kwekhulu elidlule. Zimelela ukuguqulwa, lapho carbons kuthiwa kuhlobene endaweni avaliwe isakhiwo ayizindunduma ekhethekile kokuba isikhungo eziyize. Futhi ukuma crystal - a polyhedron, inhlangano efanele. I-athomu liyalingana yini. Ifomu aziwa kakhulu ase-C fullerene _60. Amasampula kwale nto ezatholakala izifundo:

• emkhathini;
• inhlabathi;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• isikhala lapho igesi eziqukethwe fomu.

Zonke izinhlobonhlobo crystalline carbon zibaluleke esisebenzayo, ngoba ifa eziningi izakhiwo ewusizo kule art.

reactivity

carbon Yamamolekhula has a reactivity ongaphakeme ngenxa ukucushwa yayo esitebeleni. Ukwenza kungenzeka ukuba asabele ekwazisa athomu amandla eyengeziwe futhi ukuphoqa yangaphandle ezingeni electron kuma umusi. Ngalesi sikhathi kuba ilingane valency 4. Ngakho-ke, it has e zezakhi isimo namachibi + 2 + 4, - 4.

Cishe zonke ukusabela nge izinto ezilula ezifana izinsimbi kanye nonmetals, zenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya okushisa aphezulu. elementi Okubukwe kungaba kokubili ejenti oxidizing kanye ejenti ukunciphisa. Nokho, LaseRomania lase sezindawo uzwakalise ikakhulukazi kakhulu, isekelwe lolu hlelo lokusebenza izimboni zayo Metallurgical nezinye.

Ngokuvamile, ikhono ukungena nokuxhumana chemical kuxhomeke ezicini ezintathu:

• carbon ukuhlakazwa;
• ukuguqulwa allotropic;
• ukuphendula lokushisa.

Ngakho, kwezinye izimo, it baxhumana izinto ezilandelayo:

• nonmetals (i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo);
• izinsimbi (aluminium, zensimbi, calcium, njll);
• metal oxides nosawoti yabo.

Nge acid kanye alkalis akasabeli nge halogens ivelakancane. I izakhiwo ezibalulekile kakhulu we-carbon - ikhono yakha amaketanga olude nomunye. Abakwazi ivalwe ibe amagatsha iluphu ukuma. Kusukela kwasungulwa organic compounds, iyiphi inombolo namuhla izigidi. Ngesisekelo lezi isici ezimbili compounds - carbon, i-hydrogen. Futhi isakhiwo kungase kuhlanganise neminye athomu oksijini, nitrogen, isibabule halogens, i-phosphorus, nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi.

compounds Eyisisekelo kanye kwebalingisi yabo

Kukhona compounds eziningi ezahlukene Ukwakheka okuhlanganisa carbon. Formula edume kakhulu lezi - CO ₂ - carbon dioxide. Nokho, ngaphezu oxide, kukhona CO - monoxide noma i-carbon monoxide futhi nedooksid C ₃ O _2.

Phakathi usawoti, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba isici iyasebenza, ezivame kakhulu yiwona calcium ne-magnesium carbonates. Ngakho-calcium carbonate enezinto eziningi omqondofana kusihloko, njengoba etholakala emvelweni ifomu:

• umcako;
• nangemabula;
• limestone;
• dolomite.

Ukubaluleka ane-alikhali emhlabeni metal carbonates ebonakaliswa yokuthi abambe iqhaza ngokugcwele izinqubo kumiswa elilengayo futhi stalagmites, futhi komhlaba.

Carbonic acid - omunye kwakwakhe esakha carbon. ifomula Ezazimzungezile - H ₂ CO _3. Nokho, esimweni ezivamile, kuba sibi kakhulu masinyane isixazululo ubola ku-carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Ngakho-ke, eyaziwa kuphela nosawoti yalo, kodwa akuyona uqobo, njengoba isixazululo.

carbon halides - etholakala ngokuyinhloko izindlela engaqondile, njengoba syntheses ngqo kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu isivuno ongaphakeme. Omunye ezivamile - CCL ₄ - carbon tetrachloride. A kwakwakhe ezinobuthi ukuthi kungabangela ubuthi by ephefumula. Etholwe olukhulu ukusabela photochemical wokumelana ka -athomu ye-hydrogen e-methane.

Metal carbides - carbon kwakwakhe, lapho ine isimo namachibi 4. Futhi kungenzeka khona izinhlangano nge boron silicon. Impahla eyinhloko ezinye carbides metal (aluminium, tungsten titanium, niobium, tantalum, hafnium) - yisikhuthazo okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi omuhle conductivity kagesi. Boron Carbide B ₄ C - omunye okuqinile ngemva idayimane (9.5 Mohs). Lezi zinto zehlela asetshenziswa ubuciko, kanye umkhakha chemical nemisuka hydrocarbon (calcium Carbide ngamanzi kuholela ekwakhekeni acetylene kanye calcium hydroxide).

metal Alloys Abaningi ekhiqizwa esebenzisa i-carbon kakhulu ngaleyo ndlela kwande izinga yabo futhi Ukucaciswa (steel - i ingxubevange zensimbi carbon).

Ngamunye ukunakwa eziningi eziphilayo-carbon kwakwakhe, lapho - isici eziyisisekelo ezingasisiza ukuxhunywa ne-athomu ofanayo amaketanga olude izakhiwo ezahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• alkanes;
• alkenes;
• enkundleni;
• amaprotheni;
• carbohydrate;
• acid nucleic;
• alcohols;
• carboxylic acid nezinye amakilasi amaningi izinto.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-carbon

Meaning of carbon compounds kanye ukuhlela kabusha yayo allotropic ekuphileni kwabantu mkhulu kakhulu. Ungashayela ezinye izimboni global kakhulu, kwenze kucace ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso.

1. Lo msuka yakha zonke izinhlobo izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi esuka lapho umuntu uthola amandla.
2. umkhakha Metallurgical isebenzisa carbon njenge-ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni ukukhiqiza izinsimbi kusukela compounds zabo. Kukhona kabanzi njengendlela carbonates.
3. Ukwakhiwa namakhemikhali umkhakha kudle nenani elikhulu carbon compounds e synthesis izinto ezintsha futhi ukuthola imikhiqizo adingekayo.

Futhi zihlanganisa imikhakha efana komnotho, njenge:

• umkhakha zasemkhathini;
• imigexo kwezinqumo;
• imishini (Lubrication, ephezulu lokushisa crucibles, amapensela, njll);
• ukuzimisela ubudala Geological yamadwala - Tracer enemisebe ¹⁴ C;
• carbon - adsorbent ezimangalisayo ingasetshenziswa isihlungi yokukhiqiza.

Cycle ngokwemvelo

Ungqimba carbon ekhona nemvelo, likhona umjikelezo njalo, okuyinto eyenziwa cyclically ngomzuzwana emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho, okwakhiwa ngalo carbon umthombo - CO ₂ is zimuncwe yizimila kanye nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ikhishwe ngesikhathi emishinini yokuphefumula. Uma emkhathini, it is futhi ugxile, futhi ngakho umjikelezo uyaqhubeka. Ngakho yokuqothulwa izinsalela organic Imiphumela ukukhululwa kwe-carbon futhi ekuqongeleleni yayo emhlabathini, lapho ke kwaphinde amuncwa eziphilayo futhi lingashajwa emkhathini njengendlela gas.