Imodeli kwamaplanethi ye-athomu: nsuku theory kanye nama-ubufakazi esisebenzayo

I kwatholakala i-electron ngokokuqala umpteenth umise ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele umbuzo: iyini Sakhiwo sangekhatsi athomu? Yiqiniso, ukuthi ukubona ngisho ngesibonakhulu esinamandla kakhulu, kanjani yonke imisebenzi, akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi ezihlukahlukene baye banikeza inguqulo yabo isakhiwo sangaphakathi ye-athomu.

Ngakho, J. Thompson okuhlongozwayo imodeli lapho athomu ngokuphelele sakhiwa izinto kahle icala ngaphakathi okuyinto njalo ukuhambisa ama-electron omubi icala. Okuhambisana Thompson F. Leonard ngasekuqaleni lamashumi amabili leminyaka, uveza ukuthi kukhona zintula okuyothi kokungathathi hlangothi izinhlayiya sishukumiseleka ngaphakathi athomu, ehlanganisa alinganayo nezinamba electron futhi abanye kahle icala izakhi. Ngo imisebenzi Lenard, lalezi zinhlobo abizwa ngokuthi dinamidy.

Nokho, olunzulu kakhulu kwaba okuthiwa kwamaplanethi imodeli kuyi-athomu ye uRutherford. I usosayensi odumile ngempela wenza uchungechunge ukulinga uranium, ngenxa ngawo zavela futhi kwakuthiwa zachazwa yisigaba mkhuba radioactivity.

Namanje ukucabanga ngalokho imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye luwukubonakaliswa indlela akheke ngayo ukuthi isici ocwaningweni yayo enkulu yokuqala uRutherford baphetha ngokuthi amandla kufihlwe ngaphakathi athomu, emashumini ezinkulungwane izikhathi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo amandla yamangqamuzana kweqiniso. Kusukela kulesi siphetho, yashayela leyo nkampani ukuze incazelo ezinye izenzakalo cosmic, kuphikisana, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi amandla elanga lutho kodwa umphumela ukusabela njalo, kuhlanganise wokuqhekeka ye-athomu.

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekuqondeni isakhiwo athomu waba ucwaningo edumile ezinyakazayo alpha izinhlayiya ngokusebenzisa ucwecwe lwegolide: iningi lalezi zinhlobo idlule ngaphandle noma yiziphi izinguquko, kodwa izakhi ezithile ngokucijile aphambuka umzila wakhe. URutherford wasikisela ukuthi kuleli cala izinhlayiya abasondelene izakhi njengawe icala lakhe Ubukhulu mancane kakhulu kunalawo ubukhulu athomu. Yavela kanjalo-ke imodeli abadumile kwamaplanethi isakhiwo athomu. Kwaba lokhu kuyimpumelelo enkulu usosayensi.

Imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye kwahlongozwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, uGeorge. Stoney, kodwa wayegqoke ke theory kuphela, kuyilapho 'uRutherford naye esebenzisa ucwaningo, imiphumela zazo zanyatheliswa ngo-1911 i- "Journal of Philosophy."

Ukuqhubeka kwakhe ucwaningo, uRutherford baphetha ngokuthi inani alpha-izinhlayiya okuhambelana ngokuphelele neenomborosikhundla kwalesi sakhi ishadi lesikhathi asanda ishicilelwe. Parallel kule, usosayensi Danish Niels Bohr, ukudala kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela izinsimbi, wenza ukutholakala ebalulekile mayelana umzila wenyanga electron, okuyinto eyaba omunye ubufakazi ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi le imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye esiseduzane isakhiwo uqobo izinhlayiya aphansi. imicabango yabantu zososayensi kwaqondana.

Ngakho, imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye kuyisisekelo ezincwadini isakhiwo izinhlayiya aphansi, owawuthi maphakathi athomu iqembu eliyinhloko elakha ne -proton, icala okuyinto omuhle, futhi neutrons kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi, futhi emhlabeni nucleus at amabanga amade uma liya kuwo ngesikhathi esiyiso, emjikelezweni ukuhambisa omubi electron icala.