KumiswaIzilimi

Zamagama ngesiSlavonic. IsiSlavonic Esidala zamagama - ukubaluleka izinhlamvu. izinhlamvu lwamaSlav

IsiSlavonic Esidala Sesonto Alfabhethi - iqoqo izinhlamvu ezibhaliwe ngendlela ethize, esichaza imisindo ethize. Lolu hlelo kwanele ukuthuthukisa ngokuzimela endaweni ohlala abantu lasendulo Russian.

Mfushane Umlando

Ekupheleni konyaka 862, Prince Rostislav waphendukela Michael (the uMbusi waseByzantium) ukuthumela e ubukhulu bakhe (Omkhulu eMoravia) Abashumayeli ngenhloso ubuKristu ngolimi Slavic. Iqiniso lokuthi ifundwe ngesikhathi lwesiLatini, okwakuwulimi angajwayelekile engaqondakali abantu. Michael wathumela amaGreki ezimbili - uConstantine (Cyril igama uyakwamukeliswa kamuva 869 lapho wenza monasticism) noMethodius (ubhuti). Lokhu kukhetha kwakungelona ngephutha. Abafowethu bona babedabuka Solun (Thessaloniki ngesiGreki), induna umndeni. Bobabili athola imfundo enhle. UConstantine abaqeqeshiwe e egcekeni uMbusi, uMichael III, umyalo ezinhle ngezilimi ezahlukene, kuhlanganise Arabic, isiHebheru, isiGreki Slavic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafundisa nefilosofi, wabizwa okuyiwona - UConstantine sefilosofi. NoMethodius waba ngowokuqala emnyangweni wezempi futhi wabe esebalekela iminyaka eminingi yezindawo lapho lwamaSlav wahlala. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mzalwane umdala waya sezindela. Kwakungekhona uhambo lwabo lokuqala - ukuze 860-m, abafowethu benza umkhankaso mission zokubonisana kanye injongo kuya Khazars.

Lwenza isimiso izimpawu elilotshiwe?

Ukushumayela ngolimi Slavic, kwakudingekile ukuba bahumushe imiBhalo Engcwele. Kodwa lesi simiso izimpawu kulotshiwe yayingekho. UConstantine setha ngokudalwa zamagama. NoMethodius ngenkuthalo wamsiza. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhathini 863 ngonyaka th okuqala zamagama zesiCyrillic (ukubaluleka izinhlamvu niyophiwa ngezansi) yadalwa. ebhaliwe izimpawu uhlelo babukhona nakwa amafomu amabili: Glagolitic futhi Cyrillic. Kuze kube namuhla, ososayensi ungavumelani phezu okuyinto yalezi zindlela liye laqiniswa uCyril. Nge iqhaza noMethodius kwahunyushwa ezinye ngesiGreki amabhuku yesonto. Ngakho lwamaSlav nethuba ukufunda nokubhala ngolimi lwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu wathola hhayi kuphela isimiso izimpawu ebhaliwe. LwamaSlav zamagama yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo silulumagama etemibhalo. Amanye amagama futhi manje ingatholakala Ukrainian, isiRashiya, lwesigodi Bulgarian.

Eyokuqala izimpawu - izwi lokuqala

Izinhlamvu zokuqala Old Church lwamaSlav zamagama - "az" futhi "Buki" - walaliswa phansi, eqinisweni, igama. Bona sihambisana "A" futhi "B" waqala isimiso izimpawu. Njengoba kahle kubukeka ekuqaleni zamagama zesiCyrillic? Izithombe babe graffiti wokuqala ukubhala izindonga ezindongeni. Izimpawu zokuqala uvele cishe ngekhulu lesi-9, ezindongeni amasonto Pereslavl. Futhi kule lwamaSlav zamagama Ngekhulu le-11, ukuhunyushwa ezinye zezimpawu nokuchazwa kwayo avele Kiev, St Sophia Cathedral. A round esisha ukuthuthukiswa lokubhala iye yabangela ukuphela umcimbi ezenzeka 1574, unyaka. Kwabe sekulandela lokuqala olunyathelisiwe "isiSlavonic Esidala zamagama." umdali kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe Ivan Fedorov.

izikhathi Ukuxhumana kanye nemicimbi

Uma ubheka emuva, awukwazi ngaphandle Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi zamagama lwamaSlav kwakungekhona nje isethi ngaphambilini kwezimpawu ebhaliwe. Lolu hlelo emamaki wavula abantu abasha, okuholela endleleni ukuphelela umuntu emhlabeni, futhi lolu kholo olusha. Abacwaningi ubuka kwezikhathi izenzakalo, umehluko phakathi kwabo iminyaka engu-125 kuphela, ziphakamisa uxhumano ngqo ukudalwa ukusungulwa izinhlamvu ezibhaliwe ubuKristu. Iminyaka cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi abantu baye bakwazi ukuyiqeda ubudala isiko zakudala futhi uphile ukholo olusha. Mlando Iningi Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuvela uhlelo olusha lokubhala kuhlobene ukwamukelwa okwalandela futhi basakaza kobuKristu. LwamaSlav zamagama, njengezakhi kakade ngenhla, wadalwa 863-m 988-m uVladimir baziswa ngokomthetho ukwethulwa lolu kholo olusha nokubhujiswa sehlelo lasekuqaleni.

simiso izimpawu imfihlakalo

Izazi eziningi Ngokufunda umlando sokuloba, bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi izinhlamvu lwamaSlav zamagama uhlobo yokubhala eyimfihlo. Wayengeyena nje ezijulile ezingokwenkolo, kodwa futhi umuzwa zefilosofi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lwamaSlav izincwadi bakha isimiso okunengqondo-zezibalo. Ukuqhathanisa okutholakele, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi umhlangano wokuqala umlingisi ebhaliwe sidalwe njengoba uhlobo okusungulile lephelele, hhayi njengoba isakhiwo, letitawuba yincenye, ngokwengeza amafomu amasha. izimpawu abathandwayo, eyayihlanganisa lwamaSlav Alfabhethi. Iningi lawo abantu izinhlamvu, izinombolo. Ngo zamagama zesiCyrillic iyona ngesiGreki ngofeleba ngokubhala uhlelo. I-Old Church lwamaSlav zamagama kwaba 43 izinhlamvu. ezingu-24 abangu lathathwa ngesiGreki ngofeleba, 19 - lalilisha. Iqiniso lokuthi ulimi isiGreki kwakungekhona okunqumayo imisindo ethile, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi lwamaSlav. Ngakho, incwadi uphawu akubanga okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye izinhlamvu ezintsha, 19, iye lathathwa abanye izindlela zokubhala, futhi abanye - badalelwa uConstantine.

"Ephakeme" futhi ingxenye "ephansi" we

Uma ubheka zonke le ndlela yokubhala, kungaba izingxenye ezimbili ngokucacile ngokwanele ukwaba, ngokuphelele sihluke nomunye. Evamile, a Ingxenye yokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi "ephakeme" futhi owesibili, ngokulandelana, "ephansi". Ngo Iqembu 1 kuhlanganisa izinhlamvu A-F ( "ds" - "Pert"). Ziyakwazi uhlu amazwi, izimpawu. incazelo yabo Kwakusobala kunoma Slav. ingxenye "Lower" ekuqaleni, "sha" futhi iphela "izhitsa". Lezi izinhlamvu ungenalo inani lenombolo futhi siyiswa ngomqondo ongathandeki uqobo. Ukuze uqonde indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo, akwanele nje ukubona kafushane. Kuyadingeka ukuba baqonde okushiwo izimpawu - eqinisweni ngamunye wabo etshaliwe uConstantine core semantic. Yini efanekiselwa izimpawu zazo kwaba sekuqaleni zamagama zesiCyrillic?

Meaning of izinhlamvu

"Az", "beech", "abaholayo" - lezincwadi ezintathu zalotshelwa ekuqaleni isimiso izimpawu. Incwadi yokuqala yayithi kwakumelwe 'Az ". Mina niwudlele ifomu lesi sabizwana "Mina". Kodwa incazelo eyisisekelo yaleli uphawu kukhona amagama anjengokuthi "ukuqala", "baqale", "ekuqaleni". Eminye imibhalo yezazi zingatholakala "Az" eyenani "omunye", "Az Iya uVladimir." Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu sahunyushelwa njengoba iwuphawu "ukuqala kabusha" (ekuqaleni). Le ncwadi, ngakho-ke, lwamaSlav esiqokiwe incazelo yefilosofi khona kwakhe, waveta kutsi akunakuphela ngaphandle ekuqaleni, akukho ukukhanya ngaphandle ebumnyameni, akukho okubi ngaphandle ezinhle. The main focus wabekwa isakhiwo kwezwe webumbacambili. Kodwa futhi lwamaSlav zamagama, eqinisweni, senziwa ngendlela efanayo, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye 2, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, 'ephakeme "(HIV) futhi" ephansi "(negative). "Az 'kwakulingana enombolweni" 1 ", okuyinto yena, emelelwe ekuqaleni konke kuyinto enhle. Ukutadisha ukubhula abantu, abacwaningi bathi bonke abantu base bamukelwe kakade ihlukaniswe ngisho futhi okungekuhle. Kulokhu-ke eyokuqala elihlobene ne into engeyinhle, kanti eyesibili into wabonakalisa ezinhle, elikhanyayo, omuhle.

"Buki"

Lencwadi walandela "Az". "Buki" waba value kwamanani. Noma kunjalo, incazelo yefilosofi lolu phawu yayingekho ngaphansi ngokujulile. "Buki" - iwukuba "", "intando". Njengomthetho, lalisetshenziswa isivinini kule lesitako. Ngokwesibonelo, "Bodie" - is "makube", "ikusasa" - "oluzayo", "ikusasa". Lezi amazwi yasendulo lwamaSlav uzwakalise kwesiphetho izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kungaba kokubili ezimbi futhi udangele, futhi kamnandi futhi ezinhle. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi kungani lencwadi yesibili Konstantin amagugu digital benganikezwa. Abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungase kube ngenxa ubumbaxambili incwadi ngokwayo.

"Hola"

Lolu phawu abe nesithakazelo esikhethekile. "Hola" okuhambelana ukuthola 2. Izinhlamvu okuphakelayo, ngokuthi "master", "bazi", "bazi". Ukubeka incazelo anjalo esikhathini "abaholayo", uKonstantin ulwazi ngeziphansi - njengesipho saphezulu ophakeme. Futhi uma tente izinhlamvu zokuqala ezintathu, khona-ke ukuza inkulumo ethi "ngizobuya ukwazi." Lokhu uConstantine zazifuna ukubonisa ukuthi umuntu ovula zamagama, bese uthola ulwazi. Kufanele ishiwo semantic umthwalo "abaholayo." "2" - ababili, umbhangqwana ezimpini nemicikilisho ehlukahlukene bemilingo, ngokuvamile ibonisa webumbacambili yazo zonke ezisemhlabeni. "Amabili 'wayesho lwamaSlav inyunyana wezulu nomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sibalo elifanekisela webumbacambili ka endoda ngokwayo - khona okuhle nokubi kuwo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo "2" - kuyinto ngxabano njalo phakathi kwezinhlangano. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le "ezimbili" ubala linani uSathane - ke neyaseNtshonalanga izakhiwo eziningi ezimbi. Kukholakala ukuthi wayengadlali abavule uchungechunge lwezinombolo negative, ethwele kokushona komuntu. Kulo mongo, ukuzalwa kwamawele kuyisenzakalo, isibonelo, kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ngcolile bika, esiphathiswa sifo nosizi emhlabeni umndeni. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amashwa ukuzamazama imbeleko amabili, wesula ithawula, abantu ababili, futhi ngokuvamile ukwenza okuthile ndawonye. Nokho, ngisho nazo zonke izimfanelo ekungalalelini kwabantu "ezimbili" ukuqaphela impahla yayo imilingo. Futhi yezinkonzo eziningi ubuhanjelwe ezimithi amaphahla noma izinto ezifanayo esetshenziswa ukuze axoshe imimoya emibi.

Izimpawu like umyalezo imfihlo inzalo

Zonke lwamaSlav izinhlamvu - ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu. Laba bobabili izinguqulo lokuqala izinhlamvu ezibhaliwe - ezincane engenhla futhi - kwangena uPeter Omkhulu ngo 1710, unyaka. Uma ubheka isiSlavonic Esidala zamagama - ukubaluleka incwadi mazwi ngokukhethekile - kungenzeka ukuba baqonde ukuthi uConstantine wayengumkhulekeli nje isimiso sokubhala, futhi wazama ukudlulisela incazelo ekhethekile kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela. Isibonelo, uma ubeka izimpawu ezithile, ungathola ibinzana uhlamvu didactic:

"Hola igama eliyisenzo elithi" - kusho imfundiso kaZiqu;

"Nimi Ouk" - kuqinisa umthetho;

"Rtsy Igama okuqinile" - lukhuluma izwi leqiniso, njll

I-oda nokulandelela isitayela uphawu

Abacwaningi abathintekayo kulolu cwaningo zamagama, ucabangela i-oda lokuqala, "eliphakeme" ingxenye ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, umlingisi ngamunye yengezwe okwalandela ku umusho okunenjongo. Lokhu kungenziwa kubhekwe emaphethini non-okungahleliwe ukuthi cishe yasungulwa ukuze ngekhanda lula futhi sisheshe zamagama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo ebhaliwe izimpawu angabhekwa kusukela umbono ukubhula. Phela izinhlamvu nezinombolo zivumelana ezazibekwe inyuka oda. Ngakho, "Az" - A - 1 - 2, bese r - 3, bese D - 4 futhi eminye kuya kweyishumi. Amashumi iqaliswe "K". Leseluhleni ayefana oda amayunithi 10, 20, bese 30, njll 100. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlamvu zalotshelwa lwamaSlav ngamaphetheni, zingabantu elula futhi kulula. Zonke zinhlamvu kahle zokuhamba lokubhala ngekuhlanganisa. Njengomthetho, abantu musa ninezinkinga izinhlamvu isithombe.

Ukuthuthukiswa ebhaliwe izinhlamvu System

Uma siqhathanisa Old Church futhi zamagama yesimanje, ungabona ukuthi 16 izinhlamvu elahlekile. Cyrillic futhi namuhla ihlangabezana umsindo Ukwakheka silulumagama Russian. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa kwehlukana akunjalo abukhali nokwakheka Slavic nezilimi Russian. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukulungiswa Cyrillic zamagama uConstantine wakuphawula ngokucophelela lwemisindvo (umsindo) tenkhulumo. I-Old Church lwamaSlav zamagama yahanjelwa yezinhlamvu eziyisikhombisa ngesiGreki ebhaliwe, ekuqaleni okungadingekile for ukudluliselwa imisindvo yelulwimi isiSlavonic Esidala: "omega", "Xi", "psi", "phi", "izhitsa". Futhi ababekhona kwakunabanye izinhlamvu ezimbili ukuzwakala kusho "futhi", kanye "z 'kulesi simiso: yesibili -" ngokudlulele "kanye" nemhlaba ", ngoba owokuqala -" futhi "futhi" ilk ". Lesi siqu Kwakuthé engadingekile. Lokhu kufakwa lezi sezinhlamvu zama-alfabhethi kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela efanele yokubiza amagama yokukhuluma ngesiGreki emagameni lathathwa ke. Kodwa umsindo eshiwo elidala indlela Russian. Ngakho-ke, isidingo ukusebenzisa lezi izimpawu ebhaliwe ekugcineni wanyamalala. Kubalulekile futhi kwaba ushintsho isicelo nokubaluleka izinhlamvu "ep" ( "b") futhi "Efe" (s). Babeqale lisetshenziswa ekubhekiseleni kuyo i attenuated (encishisiwe) unkamisa abayizithulu: "b" - eseduze kuya "mayelana", "s" - eseduze kuya "e". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ababuthakathaka bengakhulumi onkamisa laqala ukunyamalala (le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "falling abayizithulu"), futhi lezi izimpawu zitholwa kweminye imisebenzi.

isiphetho

Ongqondongqondo Abaningi wabona izinhlamvu digital eyabhalwa abangoziqu-zintathu isimiso, siqinile ngokomoya, okuyinto ifinyelela indoda e ukunxanela kwakhe iqiniso, ukukhanya, ubuhle. Ukutadisha alfabhethi nge okungumsu yalo imbala, abacwaningi abaningi baphethe ngokuthi uConstantine kwesokunxele yesizukulwane indalo eziyigugu, ukushaya self-ngcono, ekuhlakanipheni nasothandweni, nokufundisa, ukugwema imizila amnyama inzondo, umona, isifiso sokulimaza okubi.

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